This review study examines the relationship between radon gas, concrete, and buildings, focusing on radon exhalation rates and indoor radon concentrations. Radon, a radioactive gas, is the second most important cause of lung cancer after smoking, responsible for 3–14% of global lung cancer cases. Radon enters buildings through soil, water, construction materials, and air, accumulating in closed environments and posing health risks. Radon exhalation rates from concrete range from 0.23 to 510 Bqm$^{-2}$ h$^{-1}$, while indoor radon concentrations vary from 4.6 to 583 Bqm$^{-3}$. Radon concentration limits are set at 100–400 Bqm$^{-3}$ in homes and 100–3700 Bqm$^{-3}$ in workplaces. Studies show that cement and industrial by-products in concrete significantly influence radon emissions. Radon exhalation rates are affected by factors such as concrete age, composition, moisture content, and porosity. Concrete with higher density and lower water-to-cement ratios has lower exhalation rates. Radon concentrations in buildings are influenced by construction materials, building design, and ventilation. Indoor radon concentrations in various regions range from 4.6 to 147.3 Bqm$^{-3}$, with higher levels in certain areas. Radon concentration measurements in buildings are critical for assessing health risks, and improved protocols are needed for standardized measurements. The study highlights the importance of reducing radon exposure through better construction practices, material selection, and ventilation. Radon exhalation rates and indoor concentrations are key factors in determining the health risks associated with radon in buildings.This review study examines the relationship between radon gas, concrete, and buildings, focusing on radon exhalation rates and indoor radon concentrations. Radon, a radioactive gas, is the second most important cause of lung cancer after smoking, responsible for 3–14% of global lung cancer cases. Radon enters buildings through soil, water, construction materials, and air, accumulating in closed environments and posing health risks. Radon exhalation rates from concrete range from 0.23 to 510 Bqm$^{-2}$ h$^{-1}$, while indoor radon concentrations vary from 4.6 to 583 Bqm$^{-3}$. Radon concentration limits are set at 100–400 Bqm$^{-3}$ in homes and 100–3700 Bqm$^{-3}$ in workplaces. Studies show that cement and industrial by-products in concrete significantly influence radon emissions. Radon exhalation rates are affected by factors such as concrete age, composition, moisture content, and porosity. Concrete with higher density and lower water-to-cement ratios has lower exhalation rates. Radon concentrations in buildings are influenced by construction materials, building design, and ventilation. Indoor radon concentrations in various regions range from 4.6 to 147.3 Bqm$^{-3}$, with higher levels in certain areas. Radon concentration measurements in buildings are critical for assessing health risks, and improved protocols are needed for standardized measurements. The study highlights the importance of reducing radon exposure through better construction practices, material selection, and ventilation. Radon exhalation rates and indoor concentrations are key factors in determining the health risks associated with radon in buildings.