Raman spectroscopy is a rapid and effective method for characterizing the structure of graphene. This review summarizes the latest advances in using Raman spectroscopy to characterize the structure of graphene. First, the typical Raman features of graphene, such as the G band, G' band, and D band, are introduced based on the analysis of the phonon dispersion curve of graphene. The application of these Raman features in determining the number of layers of graphene, edge chirality, and defect states is discussed. Then, the influence of stacking disorder on the optical properties and interlayer coupling of few-layer graphene is analyzed, and the effect of doping, substrate, temperature, and strain on the electronic band structure of graphene is discussed. Finally, the second-order overtone and combination Raman modes and the low-frequency Raman features (shear and interlayer breathing modes) in graphene are introduced, along with their dependence on the structure of graphene. Key words: graphene; Raman spectroscopy; layer dependence; stacking effect; overtone and combination mode; low frequency mode.Raman spectroscopy is a rapid and effective method for characterizing the structure of graphene. This review summarizes the latest advances in using Raman spectroscopy to characterize the structure of graphene. First, the typical Raman features of graphene, such as the G band, G' band, and D band, are introduced based on the analysis of the phonon dispersion curve of graphene. The application of these Raman features in determining the number of layers of graphene, edge chirality, and defect states is discussed. Then, the influence of stacking disorder on the optical properties and interlayer coupling of few-layer graphene is analyzed, and the effect of doping, substrate, temperature, and strain on the electronic band structure of graphene is discussed. Finally, the second-order overtone and combination Raman modes and the low-frequency Raman features (shear and interlayer breathing modes) in graphene are introduced, along with their dependence on the structure of graphene. Key words: graphene; Raman spectroscopy; layer dependence; stacking effect; overtone and combination mode; low frequency mode.