The article "Rational Management of the Plant Microbiome for the Second Green Revolution" by Xiaofang Li et al. explores the critical role of plant microbiomes in enhancing agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impacts. The authors highlight the need to understand plant-microbiome interactions to develop sustainable practices that meet food security and safety challenges. They propose a hierarchical framework for managing plant microbiomes, encompassing single-strain, synthetic community, and in situ microbiome modulation. Key deterministic processes such as the host effect, facilitator effect, and microbe-microbe interactions are discussed. The review emphasizes the importance of endophytes, mycorrhizal fungi, and free-living beneficial microbes in promoting plant growth, defense, and nutrient acquisition. The authors also address the complex dynamics of microbe-microbe interactions and the potential of synthetic communities to enhance plant health and productivity. Finally, they discuss the application of these principles in pollutant remediation and sustainable agriculture, advocating for the integration of microbial biotechnology into agricultural practices to support the Second Green Revolution.The article "Rational Management of the Plant Microbiome for the Second Green Revolution" by Xiaofang Li et al. explores the critical role of plant microbiomes in enhancing agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impacts. The authors highlight the need to understand plant-microbiome interactions to develop sustainable practices that meet food security and safety challenges. They propose a hierarchical framework for managing plant microbiomes, encompassing single-strain, synthetic community, and in situ microbiome modulation. Key deterministic processes such as the host effect, facilitator effect, and microbe-microbe interactions are discussed. The review emphasizes the importance of endophytes, mycorrhizal fungi, and free-living beneficial microbes in promoting plant growth, defense, and nutrient acquisition. The authors also address the complex dynamics of microbe-microbe interactions and the potential of synthetic communities to enhance plant health and productivity. Finally, they discuss the application of these principles in pollutant remediation and sustainable agriculture, advocating for the integration of microbial biotechnology into agricultural practices to support the Second Green Revolution.