The article discusses the rational management of plant microbiomes for the Second Green Revolution, aiming to enhance agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Plant microbiomes play a critical role in plant growth and stress responses, and understanding their interactions is essential for sustainable agricultural practices. The review outlines key deterministic processes for developing microbiome management strategies, including the host effect, facilitator effect, and microbe-microbe interactions. A hierarchical framework for plant microbiome modulation is proposed, emphasizing three levels: single-strain, synthetic community, and in situ microbiome modulation. Rational management of plant microbiomes has wide-ranging applications in agriculture and could be a core technology for the Second Green Revolution. The plant microbiome is a complex network of interactions among plants and microorganisms. It plays a crucial role in plant health and ecosystem function. Plant-microbe interactions are categorized as top-down and bottom-up, referring to the effects of plant-driven microbiome assembly and microbiome-shaped plant traits. Chemical communication is a key interaction step, involving the exchange of signaling molecules, nutrients, and metabolites. The plant microbiome has considerable potential to serve as a core component of the Second Green Revolution. It is a complex network of interactions among plants and microorganisms. The plant microbiome is influenced by environmental factors, plant-microbe crosstalk, and microbe-microbe interactions. Root exudates are key components that attract beneficial microbes, repel detrimental microbes, and shape the rhizosphere microbial community. These exudates are determined by intrinsic plant characteristics such as plant genotype and developmental stage. The plant microbiome is a complex network of interactions among plants and microorganisms. It plays a crucial role in plant health and ecosystem function. The plant microbiome is influenced by environmental factors, plant-microbe crosstalk, and microbe-microbe interactions. Root exudates are key components that attract beneficial microbes, repel detrimental microbes, and shape the rhizosphere microbial community. These exudates are determined by intrinsic plant characteristics such as plant genotype and developmental stage. The plant microbiome is a complex network of interactions among plants and microorganisms. It plays a crucial role in plant health and ecosystem function. The plant microbiome is influenced by environmental factors, plant-microbe crosstalk, and microbe-microbe interactions. Root exudates are key components that attract beneficial microbes, repel detrimental microbes, and shape the rhizosphere microbial community. These exudates are determined by intrinsic plant characteristics such as plant genotype and developmental stage.The article discusses the rational management of plant microbiomes for the Second Green Revolution, aiming to enhance agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Plant microbiomes play a critical role in plant growth and stress responses, and understanding their interactions is essential for sustainable agricultural practices. The review outlines key deterministic processes for developing microbiome management strategies, including the host effect, facilitator effect, and microbe-microbe interactions. A hierarchical framework for plant microbiome modulation is proposed, emphasizing three levels: single-strain, synthetic community, and in situ microbiome modulation. Rational management of plant microbiomes has wide-ranging applications in agriculture and could be a core technology for the Second Green Revolution. The plant microbiome is a complex network of interactions among plants and microorganisms. It plays a crucial role in plant health and ecosystem function. Plant-microbe interactions are categorized as top-down and bottom-up, referring to the effects of plant-driven microbiome assembly and microbiome-shaped plant traits. Chemical communication is a key interaction step, involving the exchange of signaling molecules, nutrients, and metabolites. The plant microbiome has considerable potential to serve as a core component of the Second Green Revolution. It is a complex network of interactions among plants and microorganisms. The plant microbiome is influenced by environmental factors, plant-microbe crosstalk, and microbe-microbe interactions. Root exudates are key components that attract beneficial microbes, repel detrimental microbes, and shape the rhizosphere microbial community. These exudates are determined by intrinsic plant characteristics such as plant genotype and developmental stage. The plant microbiome is a complex network of interactions among plants and microorganisms. It plays a crucial role in plant health and ecosystem function. The plant microbiome is influenced by environmental factors, plant-microbe crosstalk, and microbe-microbe interactions. Root exudates are key components that attract beneficial microbes, repel detrimental microbes, and shape the rhizosphere microbial community. These exudates are determined by intrinsic plant characteristics such as plant genotype and developmental stage. The plant microbiome is a complex network of interactions among plants and microorganisms. It plays a crucial role in plant health and ecosystem function. The plant microbiome is influenced by environmental factors, plant-microbe crosstalk, and microbe-microbe interactions. Root exudates are key components that attract beneficial microbes, repel detrimental microbes, and shape the rhizosphere microbial community. These exudates are determined by intrinsic plant characteristics such as plant genotype and developmental stage.