The article discusses the importance of a One Health approach to disease surveillance, emphasizing the need for integrated human, animal, and environmental health monitoring. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the necessity of such a framework for timely detection and response to health threats. The paper presents case studies on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and wastewater testing, advocating for the "one sample many analyses" (OSMA) approach to enhance surveillance. A quadripartite agreement among the FAO, WOAH, UNEP, and WHO has established a legal framework for collaboration on One Health issues, with AMR serving as a model for broader OH initiatives. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is highlighted as a valuable tool for disease surveillance, offering non-invasive, cost-effective methods to detect pathogens and pharmaceutical residues. The article proposes a framework for operationalizing efficient environmental sampling, emphasizing the use of OSMA to maximize data from single samples. It also discusses the challenges of data integration and the need for standardized protocols and shared resources to improve global health surveillance. The paper concludes that a comprehensive One Health approach is essential for addressing emerging diseases, requiring collaboration across sectors and the formalization of national and international networks for surveillance.The article discusses the importance of a One Health approach to disease surveillance, emphasizing the need for integrated human, animal, and environmental health monitoring. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the necessity of such a framework for timely detection and response to health threats. The paper presents case studies on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and wastewater testing, advocating for the "one sample many analyses" (OSMA) approach to enhance surveillance. A quadripartite agreement among the FAO, WOAH, UNEP, and WHO has established a legal framework for collaboration on One Health issues, with AMR serving as a model for broader OH initiatives. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is highlighted as a valuable tool for disease surveillance, offering non-invasive, cost-effective methods to detect pathogens and pharmaceutical residues. The article proposes a framework for operationalizing efficient environmental sampling, emphasizing the use of OSMA to maximize data from single samples. It also discusses the challenges of data integration and the need for standardized protocols and shared resources to improve global health surveillance. The paper concludes that a comprehensive One Health approach is essential for addressing emerging diseases, requiring collaboration across sectors and the formalization of national and international networks for surveillance.