This review discusses recent advances in synaptic plasticity modulation techniques for neuromorphic applications. It highlights the importance of plasticity modulation in developing efficient and adaptive artificial neural systems that can learn and evolve, similar to the human brain. The review explores various strategies for modulating synaptic plasticity, including chemical techniques, device structure design, and physical signal modulation. Chemical techniques are used to modify the properties of functional materials, which can influence the expression of synaptic plasticity. Device structure design is used to achieve reconfigurable operation in neuromorphic devices, enabling programmable neuromorphic functions. Physical signal modulation, such as light, strain, and temperature, is integrated with neuromorphic processing circuits to enable human-like intelligent perception. The review also discusses the potential of exploring novel plasticity modulation mechanisms and techniques for scaled neural networks and their applications in multimodal collaborative neuromorphic systems. The review emphasizes the need for further research to develop more efficient and effective neuromorphic devices. It highlights the role of chemical doping, vacancy control, and surface or interface engineering in modulating synaptic plasticity. The review also discusses the importance of device structure design in achieving programmable synaptic plasticity, including the use of dual-gate structures and vdWs heterostructures. The review concludes that the development of neuromorphic devices requires a comprehensive understanding of plasticity modulation techniques and their application in various neuromorphic applications.This review discusses recent advances in synaptic plasticity modulation techniques for neuromorphic applications. It highlights the importance of plasticity modulation in developing efficient and adaptive artificial neural systems that can learn and evolve, similar to the human brain. The review explores various strategies for modulating synaptic plasticity, including chemical techniques, device structure design, and physical signal modulation. Chemical techniques are used to modify the properties of functional materials, which can influence the expression of synaptic plasticity. Device structure design is used to achieve reconfigurable operation in neuromorphic devices, enabling programmable neuromorphic functions. Physical signal modulation, such as light, strain, and temperature, is integrated with neuromorphic processing circuits to enable human-like intelligent perception. The review also discusses the potential of exploring novel plasticity modulation mechanisms and techniques for scaled neural networks and their applications in multimodal collaborative neuromorphic systems. The review emphasizes the need for further research to develop more efficient and effective neuromorphic devices. It highlights the role of chemical doping, vacancy control, and surface or interface engineering in modulating synaptic plasticity. The review also discusses the importance of device structure design in achieving programmable synaptic plasticity, including the use of dual-gate structures and vdWs heterostructures. The review concludes that the development of neuromorphic devices requires a comprehensive understanding of plasticity modulation techniques and their application in various neuromorphic applications.