Recent Research Trends in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disorders Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are chronic major health disorders. The exact mechanisms of neuroimmune dysfunctions in these diseases are not yet fully understood. These disorders involve dysregulated neuroimmune and inflammatory responses, including activation of neurons, glial cells, and damage to the neurovascular unit, leading to excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and neurotoxic mediators. Activation of glial cells and immune cells leads to the release of inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules, causing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Gulf War Illness (GWI) and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) are also associated with neuroimmune dysfunctions. Currently, there are no effective disease-modifying treatments for these disorders. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons, astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, and pericytes are used in disease models for drug discovery. This review highlights recent trends in neuroinflammatory responses and the use of iPSC-derived brain cells in neuroinflammatory disorders. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive memory loss and involves amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in AD pathogenesis, with astrocytes and microglia contributing to neuroinflammation. Biomarkers such as GFAP and NfL are used in AD diagnosis. However, there is a need for more specific biomarkers for early detection and treatment. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The pathogenesis of PD involves the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and neuroinflammation. Genetic factors, environmental factors, and immune responses contribute to PD pathogenesis. Biomarkers such as UCH-L1 and GFAP are used in PD diagnosis. Traumatic brain injury involves neuroinflammation and can lead to neurodegeneration. The pathogenesis of TBI includes primary and secondary injury, with secondary injury leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Biomarkers such as NfL, UCH-L1, GFAP, and S100B are used in TBI diagnosis. Gulf War Illness is a chronic disorder associated with neuroimmune dysfunctions. The pathogenesis of GWI involves neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage. Biomarkers such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 are used in GWI diagnosis. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is a complex neuroimmune disorder with symptoms such as fatigue, pain, andRecent Research Trends in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disorders Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are chronic major health disorders. The exact mechanisms of neuroimmune dysfunctions in these diseases are not yet fully understood. These disorders involve dysregulated neuroimmune and inflammatory responses, including activation of neurons, glial cells, and damage to the neurovascular unit, leading to excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and neurotoxic mediators. Activation of glial cells and immune cells leads to the release of inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules, causing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Gulf War Illness (GWI) and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) are also associated with neuroimmune dysfunctions. Currently, there are no effective disease-modifying treatments for these disorders. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons, astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, and pericytes are used in disease models for drug discovery. This review highlights recent trends in neuroinflammatory responses and the use of iPSC-derived brain cells in neuroinflammatory disorders. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive memory loss and involves amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in AD pathogenesis, with astrocytes and microglia contributing to neuroinflammation. Biomarkers such as GFAP and NfL are used in AD diagnosis. However, there is a need for more specific biomarkers for early detection and treatment. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The pathogenesis of PD involves the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and neuroinflammation. Genetic factors, environmental factors, and immune responses contribute to PD pathogenesis. Biomarkers such as UCH-L1 and GFAP are used in PD diagnosis. Traumatic brain injury involves neuroinflammation and can lead to neurodegeneration. The pathogenesis of TBI includes primary and secondary injury, with secondary injury leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Biomarkers such as NfL, UCH-L1, GFAP, and S100B are used in TBI diagnosis. Gulf War Illness is a chronic disorder associated with neuroimmune dysfunctions. The pathogenesis of GWI involves neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage. Biomarkers such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 are used in GWI diagnosis. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is a complex neuroimmune disorder with symptoms such as fatigue, pain, and