Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a gram-positive bacterium that causes a range of infections, from mild to life-threatening diseases, including rheumatic heart disease and acute rheumatic fever. The global burden of GAS infections is significant, with millions of cases and deaths annually, particularly in low-income countries and among school-aged children and the elderly. The primary method of controlling and treating GAS infections is antibiotic therapy, but the increasing resistance to antibiotics, especially penicillin and macrolides, poses a growing threat. Vaccination is considered the most effective way to prevent infectious diseases, and recent advancements in GAS vaccine development have shown promise. This review highlights the recent progress in preclinical and clinical studies of GAS vaccine candidates, focusing on peptide-based subunit vaccines derived from the pathogenic M protein and other non-M protein virulence factors. The M protein, a dominant virulence factor, is a key antigen in GAS vaccines, while other non-M protein antigens, such as the hyaluronic acid capsule, pyrogenic toxins, and enzymes, have also been explored. Preclinical trials have demonstrated the potential of these vaccines in inducing strong immune responses and reducing GAS colonization and dissemination. However, clinical trials face challenges, including the lack of defined human immunity correlates of protection and the risk of autoimmune complications. Despite these challenges, the development of effective GAS vaccines remains a critical area of research to prevent and control GAS infections globally.Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a gram-positive bacterium that causes a range of infections, from mild to life-threatening diseases, including rheumatic heart disease and acute rheumatic fever. The global burden of GAS infections is significant, with millions of cases and deaths annually, particularly in low-income countries and among school-aged children and the elderly. The primary method of controlling and treating GAS infections is antibiotic therapy, but the increasing resistance to antibiotics, especially penicillin and macrolides, poses a growing threat. Vaccination is considered the most effective way to prevent infectious diseases, and recent advancements in GAS vaccine development have shown promise. This review highlights the recent progress in preclinical and clinical studies of GAS vaccine candidates, focusing on peptide-based subunit vaccines derived from the pathogenic M protein and other non-M protein virulence factors. The M protein, a dominant virulence factor, is a key antigen in GAS vaccines, while other non-M protein antigens, such as the hyaluronic acid capsule, pyrogenic toxins, and enzymes, have also been explored. Preclinical trials have demonstrated the potential of these vaccines in inducing strong immune responses and reducing GAS colonization and dissemination. However, clinical trials face challenges, including the lack of defined human immunity correlates of protection and the risk of autoimmune complications. Despite these challenges, the development of effective GAS vaccines remains a critical area of research to prevent and control GAS infections globally.