MXenes are promising materials for electrocatalysis due to their excellent metallic conductivity, hydrophilicity, high specific surface area, and excellent electrochemical properties. This review summarizes recent advancements in MXene-based electrocatalysts, highlighting their key challenges and opportunities. The major design principles include coupling MXene with active materials or heteroatomic doping to create synergistic catalyst sites, constructing 3D MXene structures or introducing interlayer spacers to increase active areas and form fast mass-charge transfer channels, and protecting the edge of MXene or in situ transforming its surface to stable active substances to inhibit oxidation and enhance stability. MXene-based materials exhibit outstanding performance for various electrocatalytic reactions. Key challenges and promising prospects for practical applications of MXene-based electrocatalysts are briefly proposed. MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, borides, and carbonitrides, were discovered in 2011. They are typically synthesized by selectively etching the A layers from MAX phases. MXenes have abundant surface functional groups, including -O, -OH, and -F, which contribute to their hydrophilicity and excellent electrochemical properties. Their high conductivity, adjustable surface functional groups, rich composition, 2D structure, and low work function make them suitable for electrocatalysis. However, challenges such as easy restacking, limited intrinsic catalytic activity, and poor stability in oxygen atmosphere remain. Recent strategies to improve their catalytic activity include introducing interlayer spacers, heteroatom doping, and surface modification. MXenes can be used to enhance catalytic activity by increasing active sites, improving electronic structure, and creating new active sites. Surface modification of MXenes, such as in situ growth of catalytic active materials, can enhance their performance. Additionally, MXenes can be used as platforms for single-atom catalysts, where single atoms can be anchored to defect sites on the surface. Surface oxidation products of MXene can also be used as active materials. MXenes are also effective for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). They can be coupled with 2D materials, MOFs, or nanoparticles to create high active catalytic sites. Constructing 3D MXene structures can increase active sites and improve charge-transport efficiency. Strategies to stabilize MXene-based catalysts include carbon coating, in situ conversion, and surface modification to prevent oxidation. MXenes show excellent performance in various electrocatalytic reactions, including ORR, OER, and HER. They can be used for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) by creating active sites and regulating electronic structure. MXene-based materials have promising applications in electrocatalysis due to their excellent physical and chemical properties, including high conductivity, hydrophilicity, and stability. Strategies to improve the activity and stability of MXene-based electrocatalysts include heterMXenes are promising materials for electrocatalysis due to their excellent metallic conductivity, hydrophilicity, high specific surface area, and excellent electrochemical properties. This review summarizes recent advancements in MXene-based electrocatalysts, highlighting their key challenges and opportunities. The major design principles include coupling MXene with active materials or heteroatomic doping to create synergistic catalyst sites, constructing 3D MXene structures or introducing interlayer spacers to increase active areas and form fast mass-charge transfer channels, and protecting the edge of MXene or in situ transforming its surface to stable active substances to inhibit oxidation and enhance stability. MXene-based materials exhibit outstanding performance for various electrocatalytic reactions. Key challenges and promising prospects for practical applications of MXene-based electrocatalysts are briefly proposed. MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, borides, and carbonitrides, were discovered in 2011. They are typically synthesized by selectively etching the A layers from MAX phases. MXenes have abundant surface functional groups, including -O, -OH, and -F, which contribute to their hydrophilicity and excellent electrochemical properties. Their high conductivity, adjustable surface functional groups, rich composition, 2D structure, and low work function make them suitable for electrocatalysis. However, challenges such as easy restacking, limited intrinsic catalytic activity, and poor stability in oxygen atmosphere remain. Recent strategies to improve their catalytic activity include introducing interlayer spacers, heteroatom doping, and surface modification. MXenes can be used to enhance catalytic activity by increasing active sites, improving electronic structure, and creating new active sites. Surface modification of MXenes, such as in situ growth of catalytic active materials, can enhance their performance. Additionally, MXenes can be used as platforms for single-atom catalysts, where single atoms can be anchored to defect sites on the surface. Surface oxidation products of MXene can also be used as active materials. MXenes are also effective for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). They can be coupled with 2D materials, MOFs, or nanoparticles to create high active catalytic sites. Constructing 3D MXene structures can increase active sites and improve charge-transport efficiency. Strategies to stabilize MXene-based catalysts include carbon coating, in situ conversion, and surface modification to prevent oxidation. MXenes show excellent performance in various electrocatalytic reactions, including ORR, OER, and HER. They can be used for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) by creating active sites and regulating electronic structure. MXene-based materials have promising applications in electrocatalysis due to their excellent physical and chemical properties, including high conductivity, hydrophilicity, and stability. Strategies to improve the activity and stability of MXene-based electrocatalysts include heter