MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in infectious diseases. This review discusses the role of miRNAs in infectious diseases, their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and the challenges and advances in their clinical application. MiRNAs are involved in various biological processes, including immune response, inflammation, and disease progression. They can be detected in biological fluids such as serum and whole blood, making them suitable for non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tools. MiRNAs have been shown to distinguish between healthy individuals and patients, as well as between different disease stages. They also play a role in modulating immune responses and can be used to develop new therapeutic strategies. The biogenesis of miRNAs involves transcription, cleavage, and processing in the cytoplasm. MiRNAs can be used to modulate gene expression and have been explored as therapeutic targets in various diseases, including tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease. MiRNAs have also been studied in the context of SARS-CoV-2, where they play a role in regulating viral replication and immune responses. The analysis of miRNAs involves various platforms, including computational tools and experimental validation, to understand their roles in disease progression and to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The potential of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in infectious diseases is significant, and further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms and clinical applications.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in infectious diseases. This review discusses the role of miRNAs in infectious diseases, their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and the challenges and advances in their clinical application. MiRNAs are involved in various biological processes, including immune response, inflammation, and disease progression. They can be detected in biological fluids such as serum and whole blood, making them suitable for non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tools. MiRNAs have been shown to distinguish between healthy individuals and patients, as well as between different disease stages. They also play a role in modulating immune responses and can be used to develop new therapeutic strategies. The biogenesis of miRNAs involves transcription, cleavage, and processing in the cytoplasm. MiRNAs can be used to modulate gene expression and have been explored as therapeutic targets in various diseases, including tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease. MiRNAs have also been studied in the context of SARS-CoV-2, where they play a role in regulating viral replication and immune responses. The analysis of miRNAs involves various platforms, including computational tools and experimental validation, to understand their roles in disease progression and to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The potential of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in infectious diseases is significant, and further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms and clinical applications.