Recent climate change has led to increased warming-driven erosion and sediment transport in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, a lack of measurements hinders our understanding of basin-scale sediment dynamics. This study uses satellite-based estimates to reconstruct the quantitative history and patterns of erosion and sediment transport in major headwater basins from 1986 to 2021. Out of 13 warming-affected headwater regions, 63% of the rivers have experienced significant increases in sediment flux. Despite this, 30% of the total suspended sediment flux has been temporarily deposited within rivers. The findings reveal pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity within and across basins, with recurrent fluctuations in erosion-deposition patterns leading to underestimation of erosion magnitude and continuous transformations in valley morphology, endangering local ecosystems, landscape stability, and infrastructure safety. The study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive spatiotemporal data to understand sediment transport processes in the TP, which is crucial for managing water resources and ecological health.Recent climate change has led to increased warming-driven erosion and sediment transport in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, a lack of measurements hinders our understanding of basin-scale sediment dynamics. This study uses satellite-based estimates to reconstruct the quantitative history and patterns of erosion and sediment transport in major headwater basins from 1986 to 2021. Out of 13 warming-affected headwater regions, 63% of the rivers have experienced significant increases in sediment flux. Despite this, 30% of the total suspended sediment flux has been temporarily deposited within rivers. The findings reveal pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity within and across basins, with recurrent fluctuations in erosion-deposition patterns leading to underestimation of erosion magnitude and continuous transformations in valley morphology, endangering local ecosystems, landscape stability, and infrastructure safety. The study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive spatiotemporal data to understand sediment transport processes in the TP, which is crucial for managing water resources and ecological health.