The article provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), including their synthesis, properties, and applications. CBNs, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and graphene, have garnered significant attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties. These materials are widely used in environmental remediation, analytical chemistry and sensing, antimicrobial activities, microbial fuel cells (MFCs), renewable energy, and energy storage. The review highlights the advantages of CBNs, such as high strength, electrical conductivity, stability, and biocompatibility. However, it also addresses concerns about their toxicity, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and biocompatibility in medical applications. The article is structured into several sections, covering the general overview, classification, synthesis, and properties of CBNs, as well as their applications and potential future challenges.The article provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), including their synthesis, properties, and applications. CBNs, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and graphene, have garnered significant attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties. These materials are widely used in environmental remediation, analytical chemistry and sensing, antimicrobial activities, microbial fuel cells (MFCs), renewable energy, and energy storage. The review highlights the advantages of CBNs, such as high strength, electrical conductivity, stability, and biocompatibility. However, it also addresses concerns about their toxicity, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and biocompatibility in medical applications. The article is structured into several sections, covering the general overview, classification, synthesis, and properties of CBNs, as well as their applications and potential future challenges.