The article reviews recent progress in urinary proteomics, highlighting the non-invasive nature of urine collection and its potential for disease characterization and biomarker discovery. Mass spectrometry-based protein profiling has led to the identification of several disease-associated biomarkers, not only for kidney and urinary bladder disorders but also for conditions affecting distant organs. The review covers various analytical techniques used in urinary proteomics, including matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS), and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These techniques have expanded the catalog of proteins detected in urine across various clinical conditions. The article also discusses the challenges and considerations in urine proteomics, such as sample collection methods, protein normalization, and inter- and intra-individual variations. Additionally, it explores the application of urinary proteomics in bladder cancer, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic kidney disease, emphasizing the potential for non-invasive biomarker discovery and disease monitoring. The field of urinary proteomics holds significant promise for advancing non-invasive diagnostics and personalized medicine.The article reviews recent progress in urinary proteomics, highlighting the non-invasive nature of urine collection and its potential for disease characterization and biomarker discovery. Mass spectrometry-based protein profiling has led to the identification of several disease-associated biomarkers, not only for kidney and urinary bladder disorders but also for conditions affecting distant organs. The review covers various analytical techniques used in urinary proteomics, including matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS), and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These techniques have expanded the catalog of proteins detected in urine across various clinical conditions. The article also discusses the challenges and considerations in urine proteomics, such as sample collection methods, protein normalization, and inter- and intra-individual variations. Additionally, it explores the application of urinary proteomics in bladder cancer, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic kidney disease, emphasizing the potential for non-invasive biomarker discovery and disease monitoring. The field of urinary proteomics holds significant promise for advancing non-invasive diagnostics and personalized medicine.