Recycled aluminium feedstock in metal additive manufacturing: A state of the art review

Recycled aluminium feedstock in metal additive manufacturing: A state of the art review

2024 | Vladislav Yakubov, Halsey Ostergaard, Shishira Bhagavath, Chu Lun, Alex Leung, James Hughes, Evren Yasa, Mani Khezri, Sandra K. Löschke, Qing Li, Anna M. Paradowska
This review article explores the use of recycled aluminium feedstock in metal additive manufacturing (AM), highlighting its potential for sustainability and environmental benefits. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using recycled materials in AM processes, focusing on fusion-based and solid-state based technologies. The article emphasizes the importance of recycling in reducing carbon emissions and aligning with Circular Economy principles and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3, 9, and 12). Fusion-based AM processes, such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and electron beam powder bed fusion (EPBF), can effectively utilize recycling pathways like maintaining grade, upcycling, and downcycling, as well as powder reuse, to reduce emissions. Solid-state based AM processes, such as additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) and friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM), are more tolerant of feedstock contamination and can directly recycle aluminium, making them suitable for large-scale recycling. The article also discusses the challenges associated with using recycled materials, including the presence of impurities such as oxides and iron, which can affect the mechanical properties and quality of AM parts. It highlights the importance of careful handling and processing of recycled feedstock to minimize defects and ensure high-quality parts. The review covers various AM processes, including their mechanisms, feedstock requirements, and the impact of recycling on energy consumption and resource usage. It also addresses the energy requirements for producing recycled feedstock, noting that gas atomisation is a common method for producing Al alloy powder feedstock, which requires significant energy input. The article concludes that the integration of recycled aluminium feedstock in AM aligns with sustainable manufacturing practices and supports the transition to a circular economy. However, further research is needed to fully realize the potential of recycled materials in AM, particularly in addressing technical challenges related to impurity removal and feedstock preparation.This review article explores the use of recycled aluminium feedstock in metal additive manufacturing (AM), highlighting its potential for sustainability and environmental benefits. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using recycled materials in AM processes, focusing on fusion-based and solid-state based technologies. The article emphasizes the importance of recycling in reducing carbon emissions and aligning with Circular Economy principles and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3, 9, and 12). Fusion-based AM processes, such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and electron beam powder bed fusion (EPBF), can effectively utilize recycling pathways like maintaining grade, upcycling, and downcycling, as well as powder reuse, to reduce emissions. Solid-state based AM processes, such as additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) and friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM), are more tolerant of feedstock contamination and can directly recycle aluminium, making them suitable for large-scale recycling. The article also discusses the challenges associated with using recycled materials, including the presence of impurities such as oxides and iron, which can affect the mechanical properties and quality of AM parts. It highlights the importance of careful handling and processing of recycled feedstock to minimize defects and ensure high-quality parts. The review covers various AM processes, including their mechanisms, feedstock requirements, and the impact of recycling on energy consumption and resource usage. It also addresses the energy requirements for producing recycled feedstock, noting that gas atomisation is a common method for producing Al alloy powder feedstock, which requires significant energy input. The article concludes that the integration of recycled aluminium feedstock in AM aligns with sustainable manufacturing practices and supports the transition to a circular economy. However, further research is needed to fully realize the potential of recycled materials in AM, particularly in addressing technical challenges related to impurity removal and feedstock preparation.
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