Redox regulation of cell survival is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play key roles in cell survival, with moderate levels promoting cell proliferation and survival, while excessive levels induce cell death. The balance between ROS/RNS generation and elimination is essential for maintaining redox homeostasis, which ensures proper function of redox-sensitive signaling proteins. Disruption of this balance leads to oxidative stress, which can cause aberrant cell death and contribute to disease development. Redox-sensitive signaling pathways, including those involving transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, Nrf2, and HIF, regulate cell survival. These factors are modulated by redox systems, which can either activate or inhibit their functions. For example, NF-κB is involved in cell survival by promoting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and antioxidant enzymes. AP-1 can promote cell survival or induce apoptosis depending on the cellular context. Nrf2 plays a critical role in protecting cells from oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant enzymes and detoxifying agents. HIF is involved in cell survival under hypoxic conditions and can also be activated by non-hypoxic stimuli. Aberrant redox regulation can lead to diseases such as cancer and degenerative disorders. For instance, prolonged cell survival due to dysregulated redox systems can promote oncogene activation and loss of p53 function, leading to cancer. Conversely, excessive cell death, as seen in aging and degenerative disorders, can be mitigated by redox regulation. Therapeutic strategies based on redox regulation include manipulating redox homeostasis with pro-oxidants for cancer treatment and antioxidants for degenerative diseases. Modulating redox-sensitive signaling molecules can also be used to develop treatments for these conditions. Understanding the role of redox regulation in cell survival is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat diseases.Redox regulation of cell survival is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play key roles in cell survival, with moderate levels promoting cell proliferation and survival, while excessive levels induce cell death. The balance between ROS/RNS generation and elimination is essential for maintaining redox homeostasis, which ensures proper function of redox-sensitive signaling proteins. Disruption of this balance leads to oxidative stress, which can cause aberrant cell death and contribute to disease development. Redox-sensitive signaling pathways, including those involving transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, Nrf2, and HIF, regulate cell survival. These factors are modulated by redox systems, which can either activate or inhibit their functions. For example, NF-κB is involved in cell survival by promoting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and antioxidant enzymes. AP-1 can promote cell survival or induce apoptosis depending on the cellular context. Nrf2 plays a critical role in protecting cells from oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant enzymes and detoxifying agents. HIF is involved in cell survival under hypoxic conditions and can also be activated by non-hypoxic stimuli. Aberrant redox regulation can lead to diseases such as cancer and degenerative disorders. For instance, prolonged cell survival due to dysregulated redox systems can promote oncogene activation and loss of p53 function, leading to cancer. Conversely, excessive cell death, as seen in aging and degenerative disorders, can be mitigated by redox regulation. Therapeutic strategies based on redox regulation include manipulating redox homeostasis with pro-oxidants for cancer treatment and antioxidants for degenerative diseases. Modulating redox-sensitive signaling molecules can also be used to develop treatments for these conditions. Understanding the role of redox regulation in cell survival is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat diseases.