This article, "Reframing Public Participation: Strategies for the 21st Century," by Judith E. Innes and David E. Booher, published in *Planning Theory & Practice* in 2004, critiques the legally required methods of public participation in the US, arguing that they are ineffective and counterproductive. The authors highlight the ambivalence in both theory and practice regarding participation, and the dilemmas that make problems seem insoluble, such as the conflict between individual and collective interests. They propose a new framework for public participation that emphasizes collaboration, dialogue, and interaction among citizens, organized interests, and government agencies. This approach aims to address complex, contentious issues and create an improved climate for future action. The article draws on emerging practices from around the world to demonstrate how collaborative methods can better meet public participation goals and resolve dilemmas. Key elements include authentic dialogue, network building, and institutional capacity. The authors suggest that collaborative participation can build civil society, advance fairness and justice, and create an adaptive, self-organizing polity capable of addressing wicked problems. They argue that this model is more effective than legally required methods, which often lead to polarization and anger. The article concludes with recommendations for developing an alternative practice framework, creating forums, adapting agency decision processes, and providing training and financial support.This article, "Reframing Public Participation: Strategies for the 21st Century," by Judith E. Innes and David E. Booher, published in *Planning Theory & Practice* in 2004, critiques the legally required methods of public participation in the US, arguing that they are ineffective and counterproductive. The authors highlight the ambivalence in both theory and practice regarding participation, and the dilemmas that make problems seem insoluble, such as the conflict between individual and collective interests. They propose a new framework for public participation that emphasizes collaboration, dialogue, and interaction among citizens, organized interests, and government agencies. This approach aims to address complex, contentious issues and create an improved climate for future action. The article draws on emerging practices from around the world to demonstrate how collaborative methods can better meet public participation goals and resolve dilemmas. Key elements include authentic dialogue, network building, and institutional capacity. The authors suggest that collaborative participation can build civil society, advance fairness and justice, and create an adaptive, self-organizing polity capable of addressing wicked problems. They argue that this model is more effective than legally required methods, which often lead to polarization and anger. The article concludes with recommendations for developing an alternative practice framework, creating forums, adapting agency decision processes, and providing training and financial support.