Refugia revisited: individualistic responses of species in space and time John R. Stewart, Adrian M. Lister, Ian Barnes, and Love Dalén review the concept of refugia in the context of climate change. They argue that refugia are geographical regions where species persist during periods of climatic contraction, such as glacial or interglacial cycles. The study highlights the importance of refugia in species evolution, genetic diversity, and adaptation. It discusses the existence of traditional and cryptic refugia, including southern refugia for temperate species and northern refugia for cold-adapted species. The study also considers the oceanic-continental gradient and the role of refugia in species' responses to climate change. It emphasizes the individualistic nature of species' responses to climate change, with different species adapting to different climatic conditions. The study also discusses the size and duration of refugia, their impact on species persistence, and the potential for speciation in refugial areas. The authors conclude that refugia play a crucial role in the evolution of species, with different types of refugia having different implications for species' genetic diversity and adaptation. The study also highlights the importance of understanding refugia in the context of current climate change and conservation biology.Refugia revisited: individualistic responses of species in space and time John R. Stewart, Adrian M. Lister, Ian Barnes, and Love Dalén review the concept of refugia in the context of climate change. They argue that refugia are geographical regions where species persist during periods of climatic contraction, such as glacial or interglacial cycles. The study highlights the importance of refugia in species evolution, genetic diversity, and adaptation. It discusses the existence of traditional and cryptic refugia, including southern refugia for temperate species and northern refugia for cold-adapted species. The study also considers the oceanic-continental gradient and the role of refugia in species' responses to climate change. It emphasizes the individualistic nature of species' responses to climate change, with different species adapting to different climatic conditions. The study also discusses the size and duration of refugia, their impact on species persistence, and the potential for speciation in refugial areas. The authors conclude that refugia play a crucial role in the evolution of species, with different types of refugia having different implications for species' genetic diversity and adaptation. The study also highlights the importance of understanding refugia in the context of current climate change and conservation biology.