This review discusses the release patterns of light aromatic hydrocarbons during the biomass roasting process. Biomass roasting is a critical step in biomass upgrading, improving fuel quality by reducing O/C and H/C ratios and producing fuel comparable to lignite. During roasting at 200–300 °C, cellulose and hemicellulose undergo depolymerization, releasing reactive monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons can be effectively regulated by controlling reaction temperature, residence time, catalysts, and baking atmosphere. The study focuses on the dissociation laws of organic components during roasting. Roasting improves biomass fuel quality, increases hydrophobicity, and reduces moisture retention. It also enhances grindability and reduces energy consumption for biomass milling. The roasting atmosphere significantly affects biomass refining. Inert roasting improves combustion characteristics, while aerobic roasting promotes dehydroxylation and decarbonylation of cellulose. Low-oxygen roasting increases abradability and hydrophobicity. Roasting methods influence biomass fuel quality. Conventional roasting increases energy density, while microwave roasting is more efficient. Wet roasting promotes bio-oil generation and removes minerals. Pressurized roasting enhances dehydration and decarboxylation, improving physical structure and volatile matter release. Mechanical pressure roasting promotes cross-linking reactions and deoxygenation. Roasting temperature significantly affects organic fraction evolution. Hemicellulose degrades at 220 °C, cellulose at 315–400 °C, and lignin at higher temperatures. Optimal roasting temperatures vary by biomass type, with 290 °C being ideal for corn stover. Higher temperatures increase biomass decomposition and pyrolysis. Catalysts enhance aromatic hydrocarbon yields. ZSM-5 is the most active catalyst, promoting deoxygenation and aromatization. Metal-modified ZSM-5 catalysts improve aromatic yields and selectivity. Ga, Ni, and Co modifications enhance deoxygenation and aromatization. Bimetallic modifications improve catalyst stability and performance. The main factors influencing organic component evolution in biomass roasting are roasting temperature, catalyst, and roasting time. Optimal roasting temperatures (200–300 °C) enhance aromatic yield and reduce oxygen content. Catalysts promote deoxygenation and aromatization, while roasting time affects biomass decomposition and product quality. Optimizing these factors improves biomass utilization efficiency and aromatic hydrocarbon production.This review discusses the release patterns of light aromatic hydrocarbons during the biomass roasting process. Biomass roasting is a critical step in biomass upgrading, improving fuel quality by reducing O/C and H/C ratios and producing fuel comparable to lignite. During roasting at 200–300 °C, cellulose and hemicellulose undergo depolymerization, releasing reactive monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons can be effectively regulated by controlling reaction temperature, residence time, catalysts, and baking atmosphere. The study focuses on the dissociation laws of organic components during roasting. Roasting improves biomass fuel quality, increases hydrophobicity, and reduces moisture retention. It also enhances grindability and reduces energy consumption for biomass milling. The roasting atmosphere significantly affects biomass refining. Inert roasting improves combustion characteristics, while aerobic roasting promotes dehydroxylation and decarbonylation of cellulose. Low-oxygen roasting increases abradability and hydrophobicity. Roasting methods influence biomass fuel quality. Conventional roasting increases energy density, while microwave roasting is more efficient. Wet roasting promotes bio-oil generation and removes minerals. Pressurized roasting enhances dehydration and decarboxylation, improving physical structure and volatile matter release. Mechanical pressure roasting promotes cross-linking reactions and deoxygenation. Roasting temperature significantly affects organic fraction evolution. Hemicellulose degrades at 220 °C, cellulose at 315–400 °C, and lignin at higher temperatures. Optimal roasting temperatures vary by biomass type, with 290 °C being ideal for corn stover. Higher temperatures increase biomass decomposition and pyrolysis. Catalysts enhance aromatic hydrocarbon yields. ZSM-5 is the most active catalyst, promoting deoxygenation and aromatization. Metal-modified ZSM-5 catalysts improve aromatic yields and selectivity. Ga, Ni, and Co modifications enhance deoxygenation and aromatization. Bimetallic modifications improve catalyst stability and performance. The main factors influencing organic component evolution in biomass roasting are roasting temperature, catalyst, and roasting time. Optimal roasting temperatures (200–300 °C) enhance aromatic yield and reduce oxygen content. Catalysts promote deoxygenation and aromatization, while roasting time affects biomass decomposition and product quality. Optimizing these factors improves biomass utilization efficiency and aromatic hydrocarbon production.