This review discusses the remote control of energy transformation for targetable, efficient, and long-term cancer imaging and therapy. Various energy types, such as ultrasonic, magnetic, photonic, radiative, and radioactive energy, can be transformed into mechanical, thermal, chemical, and radiative energy to enable diverse cancer imaging and treatment modalities. The review covers multimodal energy transformation, including mechanical, chemical, hyperthermia, and radiation therapy, as well as emerging thermoelectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric therapies. It also illustrates ultrasound, magnetic resonance, fluorescence, computed tomography, photoluminescence, and photoacoustic imaging-guided cancer therapies. The review highlights afterglow imaging that can eliminate autofluorescence for sustained signal emission after excitation. Energy transformation has played a crucial role in the development of modern industry, from the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical energy to the advent of electrical energy. Despite advancements in tumor-targeted therapy and immunotherapy, there are still limitations in precise diagnosis and treatment of tumors. New cancer diagnosis and treatment modalities that utilize tissue-penetrative remote energy stimulation have received widespread attention due to their unique advantages of targeted local activation for deep tumors. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterial-mediated energy transformation has attracted much attention in cancer treatment. Nanomaterials can coordinate the transformation of different energies through tissue penetration and remote energy stimulation to achieve efficient, precise, and controllable treatment. The mutual transformation of different energies can enable diverse cancer treatment modalities, among which the synergistic transformation of multiple energies tends to be more effective. Ultrasonic-to-chemical energy transformation, known as sonodynamic therapy (SDT), uses ultrasonic energy to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill malignant tumors. SDT has advantages such as non-invasiveness and strong penetrability, providing new options for cancer treatment. However, SDT has limitations in tumor targeting and the influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The combination of SDT with drug therapy or immunotherapy is a good choice. Ultrasonic-to-mechanical energy transformation, known as ultrasonic mechanical therapy, uses ultrasonic energy to generate mechanical pressure, resulting in cavitation microbubbles that can enhance drug delivery to tumor cells. This therapy has been used in combination with other therapies to improve treatment outcomes. Ultrasonic-to-thermal energy transformation, known as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), uses ultrasonic energy to generate heat and ablate tumors. HIFU has been used in combination with heat-sensitive drug carrier systems to enhance drug delivery and treatment efficacy. Magnetic-to-mechanical energy transformation, known as magnetic mechanical therapy, uses magnetic energy to generate mechanical force, destroying tumor cells and inducing apoptosis. This therapy has been used in combination with other therapies to improve treatment outcomes. Magnetic-to-thermal energy transformation, known as magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), usesThis review discusses the remote control of energy transformation for targetable, efficient, and long-term cancer imaging and therapy. Various energy types, such as ultrasonic, magnetic, photonic, radiative, and radioactive energy, can be transformed into mechanical, thermal, chemical, and radiative energy to enable diverse cancer imaging and treatment modalities. The review covers multimodal energy transformation, including mechanical, chemical, hyperthermia, and radiation therapy, as well as emerging thermoelectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric therapies. It also illustrates ultrasound, magnetic resonance, fluorescence, computed tomography, photoluminescence, and photoacoustic imaging-guided cancer therapies. The review highlights afterglow imaging that can eliminate autofluorescence for sustained signal emission after excitation. Energy transformation has played a crucial role in the development of modern industry, from the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical energy to the advent of electrical energy. Despite advancements in tumor-targeted therapy and immunotherapy, there are still limitations in precise diagnosis and treatment of tumors. New cancer diagnosis and treatment modalities that utilize tissue-penetrative remote energy stimulation have received widespread attention due to their unique advantages of targeted local activation for deep tumors. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterial-mediated energy transformation has attracted much attention in cancer treatment. Nanomaterials can coordinate the transformation of different energies through tissue penetration and remote energy stimulation to achieve efficient, precise, and controllable treatment. The mutual transformation of different energies can enable diverse cancer treatment modalities, among which the synergistic transformation of multiple energies tends to be more effective. Ultrasonic-to-chemical energy transformation, known as sonodynamic therapy (SDT), uses ultrasonic energy to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill malignant tumors. SDT has advantages such as non-invasiveness and strong penetrability, providing new options for cancer treatment. However, SDT has limitations in tumor targeting and the influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The combination of SDT with drug therapy or immunotherapy is a good choice. Ultrasonic-to-mechanical energy transformation, known as ultrasonic mechanical therapy, uses ultrasonic energy to generate mechanical pressure, resulting in cavitation microbubbles that can enhance drug delivery to tumor cells. This therapy has been used in combination with other therapies to improve treatment outcomes. Ultrasonic-to-thermal energy transformation, known as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), uses ultrasonic energy to generate heat and ablate tumors. HIFU has been used in combination with heat-sensitive drug carrier systems to enhance drug delivery and treatment efficacy. Magnetic-to-mechanical energy transformation, known as magnetic mechanical therapy, uses magnetic energy to generate mechanical force, destroying tumor cells and inducing apoptosis. This therapy has been used in combination with other therapies to improve treatment outcomes. Magnetic-to-thermal energy transformation, known as magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), uses