This article reviews recent advancements and innovative strategies in biosorption technology, focusing on the removal of heavy metals and a metalloid from various sources. It highlights the composition, structure, and performance metrics of biosorbents, detailing their efficacy in removing metals such as Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(VI), Zn(II), Ni(II), and As(V) from wastewater and industrial effluents. The article discusses the issue of biosorbent deactivation and failure over time, emphasizing the importance of effective regeneration techniques. It also explores the development of advanced biosorbents, including modified biomaterials and engineered microorganisms, and the optimization of process conditions to enhance biosorption efficiency. The review concludes by emphasizing the potential of biosorption as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to address water pollution challenges, while noting the need for further research to improve long-term performance and sustainability.This article reviews recent advancements and innovative strategies in biosorption technology, focusing on the removal of heavy metals and a metalloid from various sources. It highlights the composition, structure, and performance metrics of biosorbents, detailing their efficacy in removing metals such as Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(VI), Zn(II), Ni(II), and As(V) from wastewater and industrial effluents. The article discusses the issue of biosorbent deactivation and failure over time, emphasizing the importance of effective regeneration techniques. It also explores the development of advanced biosorbents, including modified biomaterials and engineered microorganisms, and the optimization of process conditions to enhance biosorption efficiency. The review concludes by emphasizing the potential of biosorption as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to address water pollution challenges, while noting the need for further research to improve long-term performance and sustainability.