This review explores recent advancements and innovative strategies in biosorption technology for the removal of heavy metals and metalloids from wastewater and industrial effluents. The article highlights the effectiveness of biosorbents in removing metals such as Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Zn(II), Ni(II), and As(V) with removal efficiencies up to 96.4%, 95%, 99.9%, 99%, 93.8%, and 92.9%, respectively. Biosorbents, including agricultural residues, microorganisms, algae, and fungi, are effective in adsorbing pollutants from aqueous solutions. The review discusses the challenges of biosorbent deactivation and failure over time, emphasizing the need for effective regeneration techniques such as chemical, thermal, and microwave treatments. Ongoing research focuses on developing more resilient biosorbent materials, optimizing regeneration techniques, and exploring innovative approaches to improve the long-term performance and sustainability of biosorption technologies. The analysis shows that biosorption is a promising strategy for alleviating pollutants in wastewater and industrial effluents, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to addressing water pollution challenges. The review also highlights the importance of studying biosorption in real-world conditions to validate performance, optimize process conditions, and ensure practical applicability. The study presents novel insights into recent breakthroughs and advancements in biosorption technology, emphasizing its potential for environmental remediation. The review discusses the development of advanced biosorbents, including modified materials such as chitosan, and explores the optimization of process conditions through mathematical and statistical approaches. It also examines the application of biosorption in various industries, including textile, leather, and metal processing, and highlights the potential of engineered microorganisms and nanomaterials for enhanced biosorption capabilities. The review addresses the challenges of biosorbent deactivation and regeneration, emphasizing the need for effective regeneration techniques to ensure the long-term sustainability of biosorption technologies. The study concludes that biosorption is a promising technology with the potential to contribute significantly to environmental remediation.This review explores recent advancements and innovative strategies in biosorption technology for the removal of heavy metals and metalloids from wastewater and industrial effluents. The article highlights the effectiveness of biosorbents in removing metals such as Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Zn(II), Ni(II), and As(V) with removal efficiencies up to 96.4%, 95%, 99.9%, 99%, 93.8%, and 92.9%, respectively. Biosorbents, including agricultural residues, microorganisms, algae, and fungi, are effective in adsorbing pollutants from aqueous solutions. The review discusses the challenges of biosorbent deactivation and failure over time, emphasizing the need for effective regeneration techniques such as chemical, thermal, and microwave treatments. Ongoing research focuses on developing more resilient biosorbent materials, optimizing regeneration techniques, and exploring innovative approaches to improve the long-term performance and sustainability of biosorption technologies. The analysis shows that biosorption is a promising strategy for alleviating pollutants in wastewater and industrial effluents, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to addressing water pollution challenges. The review also highlights the importance of studying biosorption in real-world conditions to validate performance, optimize process conditions, and ensure practical applicability. The study presents novel insights into recent breakthroughs and advancements in biosorption technology, emphasizing its potential for environmental remediation. The review discusses the development of advanced biosorbents, including modified materials such as chitosan, and explores the optimization of process conditions through mathematical and statistical approaches. It also examines the application of biosorption in various industries, including textile, leather, and metal processing, and highlights the potential of engineered microorganisms and nanomaterials for enhanced biosorption capabilities. The review addresses the challenges of biosorbent deactivation and regeneration, emphasizing the need for effective regeneration techniques to ensure the long-term sustainability of biosorption technologies. The study concludes that biosorption is a promising technology with the potential to contribute significantly to environmental remediation.