Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are functional polymeric materials capable of absorbing and retaining liquids up to thousands of times their mass. This review discusses the synthesis, modification, and applications of SAPs in industrial, agricultural, and biomedical fields. Synthetic SAPs like polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) exhibit superior water absorption compared to natural polymers such as cellulose, chitosan, and starch, but they are not biodegradable. To address this, synthetic SAPs are often modified or natural polymers are grafted with superabsorbent groups and crosslinked to balance their properties. Research on SAPs in fiber and gel forms is increasing, particularly in biomedical applications like drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering. SAPs are three-dimensional materials that swell in aqueous solutions, absorbing more than 1000 times their dry weight in liquids without releasing absorbed liquid under pressure. Their water absorption is driven by osmotic pressure and hydrophilic functional groups in the molecular chain. The absorption mechanism follows Flory's network theory, where osmotic pressure differences drive water absorption and expansion. The process involves physical adsorption, followed by chemical absorption, with the latter being more prolonged. Water absorption capacity is influenced by pH and ionic concentration, with higher ionic concentrations reducing absorption capacity. SAPs are widely used in various fields due to their unique properties. In agriculture, they control water, fertilizer, and pesticide release and protect soil from hardening. In industry, they are used for adsorbing toxic heavy metals, treating radioactive uranium ions, and dewatering coal. In biomedical applications, they are used in tissue engineering, biosensing, drug delivery, and wound dressings. They also play a role in energy storage and artificial snow-making. Synthetic SAPs include PAA, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and PVA. PAA is the most commonly used, with water absorption rates influenced by initiator and crosslinker content. PAA-based SAPs have high water absorption but are not biodegradable. Natural SAPs, such as cellulose, chitosan, starch, proteins, and alginate, are more environmentally friendly but have lower water absorption. Modifications like grafting hydrophilic groups enhance their water absorption. SAPs are available in various forms, including particles, fibers, and gels. Particles are used in cosmetics, agricultural water retention, and industrial adsorbents. Fibers are used in medical dressings and filtration. Gels are used in hygiene products, drug delivery, and water purification. The water absorption capacity and rate of SAPs depend on factors like particle size, shape, and crosslinking. In industrial applications, SAPs are used to promote self-healing in concrete by reducing autogenous shrinkageSuperabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are functional polymeric materials capable of absorbing and retaining liquids up to thousands of times their mass. This review discusses the synthesis, modification, and applications of SAPs in industrial, agricultural, and biomedical fields. Synthetic SAPs like polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) exhibit superior water absorption compared to natural polymers such as cellulose, chitosan, and starch, but they are not biodegradable. To address this, synthetic SAPs are often modified or natural polymers are grafted with superabsorbent groups and crosslinked to balance their properties. Research on SAPs in fiber and gel forms is increasing, particularly in biomedical applications like drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering. SAPs are three-dimensional materials that swell in aqueous solutions, absorbing more than 1000 times their dry weight in liquids without releasing absorbed liquid under pressure. Their water absorption is driven by osmotic pressure and hydrophilic functional groups in the molecular chain. The absorption mechanism follows Flory's network theory, where osmotic pressure differences drive water absorption and expansion. The process involves physical adsorption, followed by chemical absorption, with the latter being more prolonged. Water absorption capacity is influenced by pH and ionic concentration, with higher ionic concentrations reducing absorption capacity. SAPs are widely used in various fields due to their unique properties. In agriculture, they control water, fertilizer, and pesticide release and protect soil from hardening. In industry, they are used for adsorbing toxic heavy metals, treating radioactive uranium ions, and dewatering coal. In biomedical applications, they are used in tissue engineering, biosensing, drug delivery, and wound dressings. They also play a role in energy storage and artificial snow-making. Synthetic SAPs include PAA, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and PVA. PAA is the most commonly used, with water absorption rates influenced by initiator and crosslinker content. PAA-based SAPs have high water absorption but are not biodegradable. Natural SAPs, such as cellulose, chitosan, starch, proteins, and alginate, are more environmentally friendly but have lower water absorption. Modifications like grafting hydrophilic groups enhance their water absorption. SAPs are available in various forms, including particles, fibers, and gels. Particles are used in cosmetics, agricultural water retention, and industrial adsorbents. Fibers are used in medical dressings and filtration. Gels are used in hygiene products, drug delivery, and water purification. The water absorption capacity and rate of SAPs depend on factors like particle size, shape, and crosslinking. In industrial applications, SAPs are used to promote self-healing in concrete by reducing autogenous shrinkage