This review discusses the research progress in the modification and photodegradation of organic pollutants using titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photocatalysts. TiO₂ is known for its high photocatalytic activity, photoelectric conversion efficiency, and economic viability, but its limited visible light absorption and rapid carrier recombination hinder its broader application. Modification techniques such as precious metal deposition, transition metal doping, rare earth metal doping, composite semiconductors, and composite polymers have been explored to enhance TiO₂'s performance. These methods improve visible light absorption, reduce carrier recombination, and enhance photocatalytic efficiency. The review also covers synthesis methods like sol-gel, hydrothermal, atomic layer deposition, and microemulsion, highlighting their advantages and challenges. Modification methods such as precious metal doping, transition metal doping, rare earth metal doping, and composite materials have been shown to broaden the light absorption range, improve carrier separation, and enhance photocatalytic performance. The review concludes that further research is needed to optimize modification methods, improve stability, reduce costs, and enhance the practical application of TiO₂ photocatalysts for environmental protection and sustainable development.This review discusses the research progress in the modification and photodegradation of organic pollutants using titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photocatalysts. TiO₂ is known for its high photocatalytic activity, photoelectric conversion efficiency, and economic viability, but its limited visible light absorption and rapid carrier recombination hinder its broader application. Modification techniques such as precious metal deposition, transition metal doping, rare earth metal doping, composite semiconductors, and composite polymers have been explored to enhance TiO₂'s performance. These methods improve visible light absorption, reduce carrier recombination, and enhance photocatalytic efficiency. The review also covers synthesis methods like sol-gel, hydrothermal, atomic layer deposition, and microemulsion, highlighting their advantages and challenges. Modification methods such as precious metal doping, transition metal doping, rare earth metal doping, and composite materials have been shown to broaden the light absorption range, improve carrier separation, and enhance photocatalytic performance. The review concludes that further research is needed to optimize modification methods, improve stability, reduce costs, and enhance the practical application of TiO₂ photocatalysts for environmental protection and sustainable development.