This review article discusses the progress in brain-targeted nasal drug delivery, highlighting its potential as a promising approach for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The nasal cavity's anatomical and physiological connections with the brain allow for bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), enabling direct brain-targeted drug delivery. Nasal administration offers advantages over other routes, such as avoiding the first-pass effect and minimizing injection-related compliance issues. It also enhances brain-targeted drug delivery, allowing for higher pharmacological activity at lower drug dosages, thus reducing adverse effects. The article outlines the physiological structures of the nasal cavity and brain, the pathways through which drugs can enter the brain via the nose, factors affecting brain-targeted nasal drug delivery, and methods to improve delivery systems using biomaterials. Common experimental methods used in intranasal drug delivery research are also discussed, along with current limitations. The nasal cavity is divided into three areas: vestibular, respiratory, and olfactory. The olfactory area is particularly important for drug delivery as it is connected to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain. The olfactory nerve pathway is considered the most direct route for bypassing the BBB, while the olfactory mucosal epithelial pathway allows for faster drug absorption. The trigeminal nerve pathway and blood circulation pathway are also discussed as potential routes for drug delivery. Factors affecting brain-targeted nasal drug delivery include the physiological properties of the nasal cavity, the physical and chemical properties of the drug, and preparation-related factors. The use of biomaterials such as penetration enhancers, mucosal adhesives, and new drug delivery systems like liposomes, in situ gels, microspheres, and nanoparticles can improve drug absorption and brain targeting. Common experimental methods used in intranasal drug delivery research include cerebellomedullary cistern puncture, brain tissue homogenization, radionuclide labeling, brain microdialysis, and pharmacodynamic evaluation. These methods help assess drug distribution and concentration in the brain. Brain-targeted nasal drug delivery has broad application prospects in the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases. It allows for direct drug entry into the brain, improving efficacy and reducing adverse reactions. However, challenges remain, including low targeting efficiency, limitations in drug distribution studies, potential side effects of excipients, and differences between experimental animals and humans. Optimizing nasal administration strategies is essential for improving clinical utility and reducing variability in drug absorption.This review article discusses the progress in brain-targeted nasal drug delivery, highlighting its potential as a promising approach for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The nasal cavity's anatomical and physiological connections with the brain allow for bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), enabling direct brain-targeted drug delivery. Nasal administration offers advantages over other routes, such as avoiding the first-pass effect and minimizing injection-related compliance issues. It also enhances brain-targeted drug delivery, allowing for higher pharmacological activity at lower drug dosages, thus reducing adverse effects. The article outlines the physiological structures of the nasal cavity and brain, the pathways through which drugs can enter the brain via the nose, factors affecting brain-targeted nasal drug delivery, and methods to improve delivery systems using biomaterials. Common experimental methods used in intranasal drug delivery research are also discussed, along with current limitations. The nasal cavity is divided into three areas: vestibular, respiratory, and olfactory. The olfactory area is particularly important for drug delivery as it is connected to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain. The olfactory nerve pathway is considered the most direct route for bypassing the BBB, while the olfactory mucosal epithelial pathway allows for faster drug absorption. The trigeminal nerve pathway and blood circulation pathway are also discussed as potential routes for drug delivery. Factors affecting brain-targeted nasal drug delivery include the physiological properties of the nasal cavity, the physical and chemical properties of the drug, and preparation-related factors. The use of biomaterials such as penetration enhancers, mucosal adhesives, and new drug delivery systems like liposomes, in situ gels, microspheres, and nanoparticles can improve drug absorption and brain targeting. Common experimental methods used in intranasal drug delivery research include cerebellomedullary cistern puncture, brain tissue homogenization, radionuclide labeling, brain microdialysis, and pharmacodynamic evaluation. These methods help assess drug distribution and concentration in the brain. Brain-targeted nasal drug delivery has broad application prospects in the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases. It allows for direct drug entry into the brain, improving efficacy and reducing adverse reactions. However, challenges remain, including low targeting efficiency, limitations in drug distribution studies, potential side effects of excipients, and differences between experimental animals and humans. Optimizing nasal administration strategies is essential for improving clinical utility and reducing variability in drug absorption.