The article reviews the research progress of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer liquid biopsy. It highlights the advancements in detection technologies and their clinical applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. CTCs, ctDNA, and EVs are non-invasive biomarkers that provide valuable information about tumor dynamics, genetic mutations, and therapeutic responses. The article discusses the strengths and limitations of each technique, emphasizing the importance of combining these methods for comprehensive cancer management. It also explores the potential of liquid biopsy in precision medicine, including its role in early cancer detection, monitoring treatment efficacy, and predicting recurrence. The authors conclude by highlighting the future prospects and challenges in the field, emphasizing the need for further research to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers.The article reviews the research progress of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer liquid biopsy. It highlights the advancements in detection technologies and their clinical applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. CTCs, ctDNA, and EVs are non-invasive biomarkers that provide valuable information about tumor dynamics, genetic mutations, and therapeutic responses. The article discusses the strengths and limitations of each technique, emphasizing the importance of combining these methods for comprehensive cancer management. It also explores the potential of liquid biopsy in precision medicine, including its role in early cancer detection, monitoring treatment efficacy, and predicting recurrence. The authors conclude by highlighting the future prospects and challenges in the field, emphasizing the need for further research to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers.