The article "Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability" by Carl Folke, Stephen R. Carpenter, Brian Walker, Marten Scheffer, Terry Chapin, and Johan Rockström explores the dynamics and development of complex social-ecological systems (SES). The authors define three central aspects: resilience, adaptability, and transformability. Resilience is the system's capacity to change and adapt while remaining within critical thresholds. Adaptability is part of resilience, enabling the system to adjust to changing external drivers and internal processes, allowing it to develop along its current trajectory. Transformability is the system's capacity to cross thresholds into new development trajectories, with transformational changes at smaller scales enabling resilience at larger scales. The authors emphasize the importance of fostering resilience in smaller, manageable SESs to contribute to Earth System resilience and exploring options for deliberate transformation of SESs that threaten Earth System resilience. They discuss the historical context of the concept of resilience, the distinction between specified and general resilience, and the multiscale nature of resilience and transformability. The article concludes by highlighting the need for society to consider ways to enhance the resilience of social-ecological systems to ensure sustainability and avoid critical thresholds that could lead to irreversible changes.The article "Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability" by Carl Folke, Stephen R. Carpenter, Brian Walker, Marten Scheffer, Terry Chapin, and Johan Rockström explores the dynamics and development of complex social-ecological systems (SES). The authors define three central aspects: resilience, adaptability, and transformability. Resilience is the system's capacity to change and adapt while remaining within critical thresholds. Adaptability is part of resilience, enabling the system to adjust to changing external drivers and internal processes, allowing it to develop along its current trajectory. Transformability is the system's capacity to cross thresholds into new development trajectories, with transformational changes at smaller scales enabling resilience at larger scales. The authors emphasize the importance of fostering resilience in smaller, manageable SESs to contribute to Earth System resilience and exploring options for deliberate transformation of SESs that threaten Earth System resilience. They discuss the historical context of the concept of resilience, the distinction between specified and general resilience, and the multiscale nature of resilience and transformability. The article concludes by highlighting the need for society to consider ways to enhance the resilience of social-ecological systems to ensure sustainability and avoid critical thresholds that could lead to irreversible changes.