Resonant Optical Antennas

Resonant Optical Antennas

10 JUNE 2005 | P. Mülschlegel, H.-J. Eisler, O. J. F. Martin, B. Hecht, D. W. Pohl
This article discusses the development of nanometer-scale gold dipole antennas designed to resonate at optical frequencies. These antennas generate white-light supercontinuum (WLSC) radiation in the feed gap when illuminated with picosecond laser pulses. The antenna length at resonance is significantly shorter than half the wavelength of the incident light, contradicting classical antenna theory but aligning with simulations that consider finite metallic conductivity. The antennas enable efficient interconversion of propagating light and localized fields, crucial for optical characterization, manipulation of nanostructures, and optical information processing. The study demonstrates that gold dipole antennas can be fabricated to match optical wavelengths. Upon illumination, WLSC radiation and two-photon photoluminescence (TPPL) are generated. The emission from the antennas is much stronger than that from solid gold stripes of the same dimensions. The resonance occurs substantially below half the effective excitation wavelength. The nanometer-scale dimensions of the antennas pose challenges in manufacturing and identifying specific effects. Modern microfabrication techniques, such as focused-ion beam (FIB) milling, were used to fabricate the antennas. The study identifies specific antenna effects using picosecond laser pulses and compares responses of ORAs and stripes. TPPL is a well-documented second-order process in gold, while WLSC is a fourth-order nonlinearity found in various dielectric materials but not in gold. WLSC provides information on field enhancement outside the ORA arms. The mechanisms underlying WLSC are not well understood but seem to require a minimum pulse length in the picosecond range. Both mechanisms contribute to the "white-light continuum" (WLC) recorded in the experiment, with distinct spectral features and power dependences. The sample was mounted in an inverted optical microscope for confocal operation. Laser pulses were focused to a diffraction-limited spot, and WLC spectra and power dependences were obtained. WLC emission maps were recorded using a single-photon-counting avalanche diode. The emission spots were confirmed with SEM and optical images. Significant WLC emission was found only at the positions of ORAs, for certain lengths, and for specific orientations. The WLC spectra extend over a considerable range on both sides of the laser line. At low power, the intensity falls off monotonously toward short wavelengths, typical for TPPL. At high power, the spectrum is dominated by a broad peak around 560 nm, assigned to WLSC. The dependence of WLC power on laser power for ORAs of different lengths shows a transition from second-order to fourth-order behavior. The nonlinearity of the WLC process was used to determine the laser pulse length. The variation of WLC power with ORA/stripe length shows a maximum for ORAs and minimal variation for stripes. The ratio of emission intensities reaches values as large as 30 and 2000. The emission data scatter considerably between individual antennas, suggesting that material imperfections may influence WLC emission.This article discusses the development of nanometer-scale gold dipole antennas designed to resonate at optical frequencies. These antennas generate white-light supercontinuum (WLSC) radiation in the feed gap when illuminated with picosecond laser pulses. The antenna length at resonance is significantly shorter than half the wavelength of the incident light, contradicting classical antenna theory but aligning with simulations that consider finite metallic conductivity. The antennas enable efficient interconversion of propagating light and localized fields, crucial for optical characterization, manipulation of nanostructures, and optical information processing. The study demonstrates that gold dipole antennas can be fabricated to match optical wavelengths. Upon illumination, WLSC radiation and two-photon photoluminescence (TPPL) are generated. The emission from the antennas is much stronger than that from solid gold stripes of the same dimensions. The resonance occurs substantially below half the effective excitation wavelength. The nanometer-scale dimensions of the antennas pose challenges in manufacturing and identifying specific effects. Modern microfabrication techniques, such as focused-ion beam (FIB) milling, were used to fabricate the antennas. The study identifies specific antenna effects using picosecond laser pulses and compares responses of ORAs and stripes. TPPL is a well-documented second-order process in gold, while WLSC is a fourth-order nonlinearity found in various dielectric materials but not in gold. WLSC provides information on field enhancement outside the ORA arms. The mechanisms underlying WLSC are not well understood but seem to require a minimum pulse length in the picosecond range. Both mechanisms contribute to the "white-light continuum" (WLC) recorded in the experiment, with distinct spectral features and power dependences. The sample was mounted in an inverted optical microscope for confocal operation. Laser pulses were focused to a diffraction-limited spot, and WLC spectra and power dependences were obtained. WLC emission maps were recorded using a single-photon-counting avalanche diode. The emission spots were confirmed with SEM and optical images. Significant WLC emission was found only at the positions of ORAs, for certain lengths, and for specific orientations. The WLC spectra extend over a considerable range on both sides of the laser line. At low power, the intensity falls off monotonously toward short wavelengths, typical for TPPL. At high power, the spectrum is dominated by a broad peak around 560 nm, assigned to WLSC. The dependence of WLC power on laser power for ORAs of different lengths shows a transition from second-order to fourth-order behavior. The nonlinearity of the WLC process was used to determine the laser pulse length. The variation of WLC power with ORA/stripe length shows a maximum for ORAs and minimal variation for stripes. The ratio of emission intensities reaches values as large as 30 and 2000. The emission data scatter considerably between individual antennas, suggesting that material imperfections may influence WLC emission.
Reach us at info@study.space