This review summarizes the respiratory toxicology of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), including graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene nanosheets (GNS), and functionalized GBNs. GBNs, due to their unique physicochemical properties, are widely used in various fields, including electronics, biomedicine, and drug delivery. However, their widespread production and use have raised concerns about their potential toxicity, particularly in the respiratory system. GBNs can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal penetration, with a significant portion accumulating in the respiratory system. Inhalation of GBNs can lead to lung inflammation, fibrosis, and granuloma formation. The toxicity of GBNs is influenced by factors such as their size, surface modification, and exposure route. The review discusses the mechanisms of GBN-induced respiratory toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, genotoxicity, epigenetics, and apoptosis. Oxidative stress is a major contributor to GBN-induced toxicity, as it leads to DNA damage and cellular dysfunction. Inflammatory responses are also significant, with GBNs triggering the release of inflammatory cytokines and leading to lung inflammation and fibrosis. Genotoxicity and epigenetic changes are also observed, with GBNs potentially causing DNA damage and altering gene expression. Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is another key mechanism, with GBNs inducing apoptosis through various signaling pathways. The review highlights the importance of understanding the toxicological effects of GBNs in the respiratory system, as well as the need for further research to assess their long-term health impacts. It also emphasizes the need for more comprehensive studies on the mechanisms of GBN toxicity and the development of safer GBNs for biomedical applications. The review concludes that while GBNs have significant potential in various fields, their potential toxicity to the respiratory system must be carefully evaluated to ensure their safe use.This review summarizes the respiratory toxicology of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), including graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene nanosheets (GNS), and functionalized GBNs. GBNs, due to their unique physicochemical properties, are widely used in various fields, including electronics, biomedicine, and drug delivery. However, their widespread production and use have raised concerns about their potential toxicity, particularly in the respiratory system. GBNs can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal penetration, with a significant portion accumulating in the respiratory system. Inhalation of GBNs can lead to lung inflammation, fibrosis, and granuloma formation. The toxicity of GBNs is influenced by factors such as their size, surface modification, and exposure route. The review discusses the mechanisms of GBN-induced respiratory toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, genotoxicity, epigenetics, and apoptosis. Oxidative stress is a major contributor to GBN-induced toxicity, as it leads to DNA damage and cellular dysfunction. Inflammatory responses are also significant, with GBNs triggering the release of inflammatory cytokines and leading to lung inflammation and fibrosis. Genotoxicity and epigenetic changes are also observed, with GBNs potentially causing DNA damage and altering gene expression. Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is another key mechanism, with GBNs inducing apoptosis through various signaling pathways. The review highlights the importance of understanding the toxicological effects of GBNs in the respiratory system, as well as the need for further research to assess their long-term health impacts. It also emphasizes the need for more comprehensive studies on the mechanisms of GBN toxicity and the development of safer GBNs for biomedical applications. The review concludes that while GBNs have significant potential in various fields, their potential toxicity to the respiratory system must be carefully evaluated to ensure their safe use.