The paper examines the response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming using six coupled climate models (AOGCMs). The study focuses on changes in ocean biomes, primary production, and chlorophyll distribution. Key findings include: 1. **Biome Changes**: Climate warming leads to a contraction of the highly productive marginal sea ice biome by 42% in the Northern Hemisphere and 17% in the Southern Hemisphere. The permanently stratified subtropical gyre biome expands by 4.0% in the Northern Hemisphere and 9.4% in the Southern Hemisphere. The subpolar gyre biome expands by 16% in the Northern Hemisphere and 7% in the Southern Hemisphere, while the seasonally stratified subtropical gyre contracts by 11% in both hemispheres. The low-latitude upwelling biome changes only modestly. 2. **Vertical Stratification**: Vertical stratification increases, which reduces nutrient supply everywhere but lengthens the growing season in high latitudes. 3. **Chlorophyll Distribution**: An empirical model based on satellite ocean color and climatological observations is developed to predict chlorophyll concentrations. The model shows a drop in chlorophyll in the North Pacific due to the retreat of the marginal sea ice biome, an increase in the North Atlantic due to complex factors, an increase in the Southern Ocean, and a decrease near the Antarctic continent due to freshening. 4. **Primary Production**: Three primary production algorithms are used to estimate the response to climate warming. The global increase in primary production ranges from 0.7% to 8.1%, with significant regional differences. The temperature sensitivity of the primary production algorithms is a major factor in these variations. 5. **Model Analysis Methods**: The study defines biomes and biogeographical provinces based on physical characteristics such as temperature, salinity, and vertical mixing. These are further subdivided into provinces to account for regional differences in nutrient supply. 6. **Seasonality**: The analysis primarily focuses on annual means, but some seasonal information is included, such as the maximum mixed layer depth and growing season length. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive assessment of how ocean ecosystems will respond to climate warming, highlighting the complex interactions between physical and biological processes.The paper examines the response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming using six coupled climate models (AOGCMs). The study focuses on changes in ocean biomes, primary production, and chlorophyll distribution. Key findings include: 1. **Biome Changes**: Climate warming leads to a contraction of the highly productive marginal sea ice biome by 42% in the Northern Hemisphere and 17% in the Southern Hemisphere. The permanently stratified subtropical gyre biome expands by 4.0% in the Northern Hemisphere and 9.4% in the Southern Hemisphere. The subpolar gyre biome expands by 16% in the Northern Hemisphere and 7% in the Southern Hemisphere, while the seasonally stratified subtropical gyre contracts by 11% in both hemispheres. The low-latitude upwelling biome changes only modestly. 2. **Vertical Stratification**: Vertical stratification increases, which reduces nutrient supply everywhere but lengthens the growing season in high latitudes. 3. **Chlorophyll Distribution**: An empirical model based on satellite ocean color and climatological observations is developed to predict chlorophyll concentrations. The model shows a drop in chlorophyll in the North Pacific due to the retreat of the marginal sea ice biome, an increase in the North Atlantic due to complex factors, an increase in the Southern Ocean, and a decrease near the Antarctic continent due to freshening. 4. **Primary Production**: Three primary production algorithms are used to estimate the response to climate warming. The global increase in primary production ranges from 0.7% to 8.1%, with significant regional differences. The temperature sensitivity of the primary production algorithms is a major factor in these variations. 5. **Model Analysis Methods**: The study defines biomes and biogeographical provinces based on physical characteristics such as temperature, salinity, and vertical mixing. These are further subdivided into provinces to account for regional differences in nutrient supply. 6. **Seasonality**: The analysis primarily focuses on annual means, but some seasonal information is included, such as the maximum mixed layer depth and growing season length. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive assessment of how ocean ecosystems will respond to climate warming, highlighting the complex interactions between physical and biological processes.