This study investigates how vegetation responds to drought across different global biomes, focusing on three vegetation indicators: vegetation indices from satellite imagery, tree-ring growth series, and Aboveground Net Primary Production (ANPP) records. The research uses the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to quantify drought and assess its impact on vegetation. The findings reveal that arid biomes respond to drought at short time-scales, with rapid vegetation reactions to water deficits. In contrast, semiarid and subhumid biomes respond at longer time-scales, as plants can withstand water deficits but lack the rapid response of arid biomes. Humid biomes also respond at short time-scales, but the physiological mechanisms differ from those in arid biomes. The study shows that the response of vegetation to drought depends on the characteristic drought time-scales of each biome. Understanding these time-scales is crucial for assessing vegetation resistance and resilience to drought, and for improving knowledge of vegetation vulnerability to climate change. The results are consistent across three vegetation parameters and different biomes, highlighting the importance of drought time-scales in determining vegetation responses. The study also emphasizes the need to consider drought time-scales when analyzing vegetation responses, as they influence the sensitivity of vegetation to drought. The findings have implications for predicting vegetation shifts under global change scenarios and understanding the impacts of drought on ecosystems. The study uses a variety of data sources, including satellite imagery, tree-ring data, and ANPP records, to ensure robust results. The results suggest that drought impacts on vegetation vary significantly across biomes, with humid biomes being more vulnerable to drought than arid ones. The study underscores the importance of considering drought time-scales in climate change research and highlights the need for further research on the mechanisms driving vegetation responses to drought.This study investigates how vegetation responds to drought across different global biomes, focusing on three vegetation indicators: vegetation indices from satellite imagery, tree-ring growth series, and Aboveground Net Primary Production (ANPP) records. The research uses the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to quantify drought and assess its impact on vegetation. The findings reveal that arid biomes respond to drought at short time-scales, with rapid vegetation reactions to water deficits. In contrast, semiarid and subhumid biomes respond at longer time-scales, as plants can withstand water deficits but lack the rapid response of arid biomes. Humid biomes also respond at short time-scales, but the physiological mechanisms differ from those in arid biomes. The study shows that the response of vegetation to drought depends on the characteristic drought time-scales of each biome. Understanding these time-scales is crucial for assessing vegetation resistance and resilience to drought, and for improving knowledge of vegetation vulnerability to climate change. The results are consistent across three vegetation parameters and different biomes, highlighting the importance of drought time-scales in determining vegetation responses. The study also emphasizes the need to consider drought time-scales when analyzing vegetation responses, as they influence the sensitivity of vegetation to drought. The findings have implications for predicting vegetation shifts under global change scenarios and understanding the impacts of drought on ecosystems. The study uses a variety of data sources, including satellite imagery, tree-ring data, and ANPP records, to ensure robust results. The results suggest that drought impacts on vegetation vary significantly across biomes, with humid biomes being more vulnerable to drought than arid ones. The study underscores the importance of considering drought time-scales in climate change research and highlights the need for further research on the mechanisms driving vegetation responses to drought.