The article "Restoration of ecosystem services and biodiversity: conflicts and opportunities" by Bullock et al. (2011) explores the role of ecological restoration in enhancing both ecosystem services and biodiversity. The authors highlight that while restoration projects can effectively improve both, conflicts can arise, especially when single services are targeted in isolation. They also note that recovery of biodiversity and services can be slow and incomplete. Despite these challenges, new methods of ecosystem service valuation suggest that the economic benefits of restoration can outweigh costs, potentially providing incentives for restoration through Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes. However, these schemes require careful development to ensure biodiversity and multiple services are enhanced and to meet the needs of different stakeholders. The article discusses the limitations of PES, including sustainability issues and potential negative social impacts, and emphasizes the need for equitable distribution of benefits. It concludes by highlighting the importance of understanding the complex relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services during the planning process and the need for further research to address these challenges.The article "Restoration of ecosystem services and biodiversity: conflicts and opportunities" by Bullock et al. (2011) explores the role of ecological restoration in enhancing both ecosystem services and biodiversity. The authors highlight that while restoration projects can effectively improve both, conflicts can arise, especially when single services are targeted in isolation. They also note that recovery of biodiversity and services can be slow and incomplete. Despite these challenges, new methods of ecosystem service valuation suggest that the economic benefits of restoration can outweigh costs, potentially providing incentives for restoration through Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes. However, these schemes require careful development to ensure biodiversity and multiple services are enhanced and to meet the needs of different stakeholders. The article discusses the limitations of PES, including sustainability issues and potential negative social impacts, and emphasizes the need for equitable distribution of benefits. It concludes by highlighting the importance of understanding the complex relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services during the planning process and the need for further research to address these challenges.