Vitamin D deficiency has reemerged as a significant public health issue, leading to rickets in children worldwide. Historically, rickets was caused by vitamin D deficiency due to limited sun exposure, resulting in skeletal deformities and other health problems. The discovery of vitamin D's role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism led to its fortification in foods and sun exposure recommendations, which nearly eradicated rickets. However, modern lifestyles and reduced sun exposure have caused a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency, leading to rickets again. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin through UVB radiation and is metabolized in the liver and kidneys to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Vitamin D deficiency impairs calcium absorption, leading to rickets, characterized by skeletal deformities, muscle weakness, and other symptoms. Other factors, such as calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders, also contribute to rickets. Vitamin D deficiency is a major cause of rickets, but it can also be caused by other factors, including calcium deficiency and inherited disorders. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high in certain populations, particularly in regions with limited sunlight exposure or in individuals with limited sun exposure. Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is common, with many individuals having low 25(OH)D levels without obvious skeletal abnormalities. Inherited conditions, such as vitamin D-resistant rickets and hypophosphatemic rickets, can also cause rickets. These conditions involve defects in vitamin D metabolism or phosphorus regulation, leading to skeletal abnormalities. Treatment for vitamin D deficiency rickets involves high-dose vitamin D supplementation and adequate calcium intake. In severe cases, intravenous calcium and phosphorus may be necessary. Sunlight exposure and vitamin D supplementation are essential for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency. However, concerns about vitamin D toxicity have led to cautious recommendations for vitamin D intake. Recent studies suggest that moderate vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective in preventing rickets and other health issues. The resurgence of rickets highlights the importance of vitamin D in overall health and the need for adequate sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation. Public health strategies should focus on ensuring sufficient vitamin D intake, particularly for at-risk populations, to prevent rickets and its associated complications.Vitamin D deficiency has reemerged as a significant public health issue, leading to rickets in children worldwide. Historically, rickets was caused by vitamin D deficiency due to limited sun exposure, resulting in skeletal deformities and other health problems. The discovery of vitamin D's role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism led to its fortification in foods and sun exposure recommendations, which nearly eradicated rickets. However, modern lifestyles and reduced sun exposure have caused a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency, leading to rickets again. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin through UVB radiation and is metabolized in the liver and kidneys to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Vitamin D deficiency impairs calcium absorption, leading to rickets, characterized by skeletal deformities, muscle weakness, and other symptoms. Other factors, such as calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders, also contribute to rickets. Vitamin D deficiency is a major cause of rickets, but it can also be caused by other factors, including calcium deficiency and inherited disorders. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high in certain populations, particularly in regions with limited sunlight exposure or in individuals with limited sun exposure. Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is common, with many individuals having low 25(OH)D levels without obvious skeletal abnormalities. Inherited conditions, such as vitamin D-resistant rickets and hypophosphatemic rickets, can also cause rickets. These conditions involve defects in vitamin D metabolism or phosphorus regulation, leading to skeletal abnormalities. Treatment for vitamin D deficiency rickets involves high-dose vitamin D supplementation and adequate calcium intake. In severe cases, intravenous calcium and phosphorus may be necessary. Sunlight exposure and vitamin D supplementation are essential for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency. However, concerns about vitamin D toxicity have led to cautious recommendations for vitamin D intake. Recent studies suggest that moderate vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective in preventing rickets and other health issues. The resurgence of rickets highlights the importance of vitamin D in overall health and the need for adequate sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation. Public health strategies should focus on ensuring sufficient vitamin D intake, particularly for at-risk populations, to prevent rickets and its associated complications.