The article "Rethinking Energy Geopolitics: Towards a Geopolitical Economy of Global Energy Transformation" by Caroline Kuzemko, Mathieu Blondeel, Michael Bradshaw, Gavin Bridge, Erika Faigen, and Louis Fletcher explores the evolving nature of the global energy system transformation (GEST), which is reshaping the world economy, political dynamics, and human civilization. Traditional energy geopolitics has focused on fossil fuel dependence and the geopolitical implications of energy flows, but the GEST presents a more complex and contested process involving both high- and low-emission systems. The authors propose a new framework to understand the GEST as a socially constructed, dynamic, and contingent process, emphasizing the material, spatial, and political dimensions of energy transformation. The paper critiques existing approaches to energy geopolitics, which often overlook the interplay between high- and low-emission systems and the role of social processes in shaping energy systems. It argues that energy geopolitics should move beyond a focus on fossil fuels and instead consider the broader implications of renewable energy, material flows, and the geopolitical economy of energy. The authors analyze two case studies: the role of fossil gas as a 'bridge' fuel and the development of lithium-ion batteries, highlighting the tensions and opportunities in these areas. The article also examines the material attributes of energy systems, emphasizing the importance of non-fuel materials, technologies, and global supply chains. It discusses the complexity of energy systems, including the interdependencies between different energy sources and the spatial and political implications of energy transformation. The authors argue that the GEST involves a shift from fossil fuels to low-emission systems, but this transition is not straightforward and involves significant geopolitical and economic challenges. The paper highlights the need for a more integrated approach to energy geopolitics, incorporating insights from energy geography, socio-technical transitions, and international political economy. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the political economy of energy, including the role of policy, economic interests, and social processes in shaping energy systems. The authors conclude that the GEST is a complex and dynamic process that requires a rethinking of energy geopolitics to better understand its implications for global politics, economies, and societies.The article "Rethinking Energy Geopolitics: Towards a Geopolitical Economy of Global Energy Transformation" by Caroline Kuzemko, Mathieu Blondeel, Michael Bradshaw, Gavin Bridge, Erika Faigen, and Louis Fletcher explores the evolving nature of the global energy system transformation (GEST), which is reshaping the world economy, political dynamics, and human civilization. Traditional energy geopolitics has focused on fossil fuel dependence and the geopolitical implications of energy flows, but the GEST presents a more complex and contested process involving both high- and low-emission systems. The authors propose a new framework to understand the GEST as a socially constructed, dynamic, and contingent process, emphasizing the material, spatial, and political dimensions of energy transformation. The paper critiques existing approaches to energy geopolitics, which often overlook the interplay between high- and low-emission systems and the role of social processes in shaping energy systems. It argues that energy geopolitics should move beyond a focus on fossil fuels and instead consider the broader implications of renewable energy, material flows, and the geopolitical economy of energy. The authors analyze two case studies: the role of fossil gas as a 'bridge' fuel and the development of lithium-ion batteries, highlighting the tensions and opportunities in these areas. The article also examines the material attributes of energy systems, emphasizing the importance of non-fuel materials, technologies, and global supply chains. It discusses the complexity of energy systems, including the interdependencies between different energy sources and the spatial and political implications of energy transformation. The authors argue that the GEST involves a shift from fossil fuels to low-emission systems, but this transition is not straightforward and involves significant geopolitical and economic challenges. The paper highlights the need for a more integrated approach to energy geopolitics, incorporating insights from energy geography, socio-technical transitions, and international political economy. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the political economy of energy, including the role of policy, economic interests, and social processes in shaping energy systems. The authors conclude that the GEST is a complex and dynamic process that requires a rethinking of energy geopolitics to better understand its implications for global politics, economies, and societies.