The article "Rethinking Energy Geopolitics: Towards a Geopolitical Economy of Global Energy Transformation" by Caroline Kuzemko, Mathieu Blondeel, Michael Bradshaw, Gavin Bridge, Erika Faigen, and Louis Fletcher, published in *Geopolitics* in 2025, reconsiders the field of energy geopolitics in the context of the global energy system transformation (GEST). The authors argue that traditional energy geopolitics, which has traditionally focused on the dependence of Western states on cross-border fossil fuel flows, has not adequately addressed the dynamic and contested nature of the GEST. They propose a new framework that captures the full scale and complexity of the transformation, emphasizing the material dimensions, geographical space-making, and conflict-ridden political economy of the GEST. The paper critiques existing approaches to energy geopolitics, including neo-classical and renewable energy geopolitics, for their narrow focus on fossil fuels and static comparisons between high- and low-emissions systems. It introduces a constructivist perspective that recognizes the socially produced and evolving nature of energy systems. The authors highlight the importance of material attributes, such as primary and secondary energy resources, non-fuel inputs, and technologies, in understanding the GEST. They also emphasize the complexity and diversity of energy systems, including the interplay between high- and low-emissions sub-systems. In terms of geography, the paper discusses the production of space, uneven development, scale, and power density, showing how the GEST reshapes landscapes and regions. The political dimension is explored through the lens of power relations, decision-making arenas, and conflict, highlighting the role of policies in shaping the GEST and addressing negative feedback effects. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for a more equitable and conflict-preventing approach to the GEST, particularly in addressing the uneven distribution of benefits and costs.The article "Rethinking Energy Geopolitics: Towards a Geopolitical Economy of Global Energy Transformation" by Caroline Kuzemko, Mathieu Blondeel, Michael Bradshaw, Gavin Bridge, Erika Faigen, and Louis Fletcher, published in *Geopolitics* in 2025, reconsiders the field of energy geopolitics in the context of the global energy system transformation (GEST). The authors argue that traditional energy geopolitics, which has traditionally focused on the dependence of Western states on cross-border fossil fuel flows, has not adequately addressed the dynamic and contested nature of the GEST. They propose a new framework that captures the full scale and complexity of the transformation, emphasizing the material dimensions, geographical space-making, and conflict-ridden political economy of the GEST. The paper critiques existing approaches to energy geopolitics, including neo-classical and renewable energy geopolitics, for their narrow focus on fossil fuels and static comparisons between high- and low-emissions systems. It introduces a constructivist perspective that recognizes the socially produced and evolving nature of energy systems. The authors highlight the importance of material attributes, such as primary and secondary energy resources, non-fuel inputs, and technologies, in understanding the GEST. They also emphasize the complexity and diversity of energy systems, including the interplay between high- and low-emissions sub-systems. In terms of geography, the paper discusses the production of space, uneven development, scale, and power density, showing how the GEST reshapes landscapes and regions. The political dimension is explored through the lens of power relations, decision-making arenas, and conflict, highlighting the role of policies in shaping the GEST and addressing negative feedback effects. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for a more equitable and conflict-preventing approach to the GEST, particularly in addressing the uneven distribution of benefits and costs.