The article "Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta-Analyses" by Daphna Oyserman, Heather M. Coon, and Markus Kemmelmeier from the University of Michigan explores the psychological implications of individualism and collectivism (IND-COL) and evaluates cross-national and within-U.S. differences. The authors find that European Americans are more individualistic and less collectivistic than other groups, but not more so than African Americans or Latinos. Asian Americans, particularly Chinese, show significant effects of individualism and collectivism. The study also reviews the empirical evidence for the effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. The authors critique the assumption that European Americans are the gold standard of individualism and collectivism, highlighting the tension between this assumption and the universality of psychological models derived from individualistic worldviews. They discuss the historical roots of individualism and the contrasting Western traditions of individual and collective focus. The article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on IND-COL, including methodological approaches, measurement scales, and meta-analyses, to address the questions of whether European Americans are uniquely high in individualism and whether the psychological implications of IND-COL are universally valid.The article "Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta-Analyses" by Daphna Oyserman, Heather M. Coon, and Markus Kemmelmeier from the University of Michigan explores the psychological implications of individualism and collectivism (IND-COL) and evaluates cross-national and within-U.S. differences. The authors find that European Americans are more individualistic and less collectivistic than other groups, but not more so than African Americans or Latinos. Asian Americans, particularly Chinese, show significant effects of individualism and collectivism. The study also reviews the empirical evidence for the effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. The authors critique the assumption that European Americans are the gold standard of individualism and collectivism, highlighting the tension between this assumption and the universality of psychological models derived from individualistic worldviews. They discuss the historical roots of individualism and the contrasting Western traditions of individual and collective focus. The article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on IND-COL, including methodological approaches, measurement scales, and meta-analyses, to address the questions of whether European Americans are uniquely high in individualism and whether the psychological implications of IND-COL are universally valid.