This chapter provides an overview of retinal imaging and image analysis, focusing on the clinical implications of these techniques. It begins by discussing the importance of the retina in diagnosing and managing various eye and systemic diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. The history of retinal imaging, from early ophthalmoscopy to modern techniques like fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), is reviewed. The chapter also highlights the technical challenges and advancements in retinal imaging, including the development of digital imaging, non-mydriatic imaging, and the use of near-infrared focusing. The role of OCT in providing 3-D imaging and its applications in disease diagnosis and treatment planning are discussed. Additionally, the chapter covers active research areas in retinal imaging, such as portable and cost-effective fundus imaging, functional imaging, adaptive optics, and longer wavelength OCT imaging. The importance of automated image analysis in early detection and management of retinal diseases is emphasized, particularly in the context of diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion on fundus image analysis, including vessel detection, lesion detection, and optic nerve head analysis, highlighting the potential for computer-aided diagnosis and personalized treatment.This chapter provides an overview of retinal imaging and image analysis, focusing on the clinical implications of these techniques. It begins by discussing the importance of the retina in diagnosing and managing various eye and systemic diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. The history of retinal imaging, from early ophthalmoscopy to modern techniques like fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), is reviewed. The chapter also highlights the technical challenges and advancements in retinal imaging, including the development of digital imaging, non-mydriatic imaging, and the use of near-infrared focusing. The role of OCT in providing 3-D imaging and its applications in disease diagnosis and treatment planning are discussed. Additionally, the chapter covers active research areas in retinal imaging, such as portable and cost-effective fundus imaging, functional imaging, adaptive optics, and longer wavelength OCT imaging. The importance of automated image analysis in early detection and management of retinal diseases is emphasized, particularly in the context of diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion on fundus image analysis, including vessel detection, lesion detection, and optic nerve head analysis, highlighting the potential for computer-aided diagnosis and personalized treatment.