This review article discusses energy management systems (EMS) in microgrids, which are small-scale power grids that integrate distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar photovoltaic modules, wind turbines, and energy storage systems. The article provides a comparative and critical analysis of various EMS approaches used in microgrids, including classical methods, meta-heuristic approaches, stochastic and robust programming methods, model predictive control, and artificial intelligence techniques. It also summarizes various uncertainty measurement methods to manage the variability and intermittency of renewable energy sources and load demand. The review highlights the importance of EMS in ensuring the reliability, sustainability, and economic efficiency of microgrids. It discusses the challenges of integrating renewable energy resources due to their stochastic nature and the need for effective energy management to balance supply and demand. The article also explores the applications of EMS in different sectors, including utilities, industrial, commercial, and residential, and emphasizes the role of EMS in optimizing energy use, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and minimizing energy costs. The review concludes with thoughts on potential future directions and practical applications of EMS in microgrids.This review article discusses energy management systems (EMS) in microgrids, which are small-scale power grids that integrate distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar photovoltaic modules, wind turbines, and energy storage systems. The article provides a comparative and critical analysis of various EMS approaches used in microgrids, including classical methods, meta-heuristic approaches, stochastic and robust programming methods, model predictive control, and artificial intelligence techniques. It also summarizes various uncertainty measurement methods to manage the variability and intermittency of renewable energy sources and load demand. The review highlights the importance of EMS in ensuring the reliability, sustainability, and economic efficiency of microgrids. It discusses the challenges of integrating renewable energy resources due to their stochastic nature and the need for effective energy management to balance supply and demand. The article also explores the applications of EMS in different sectors, including utilities, industrial, commercial, and residential, and emphasizes the role of EMS in optimizing energy use, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and minimizing energy costs. The review concludes with thoughts on potential future directions and practical applications of EMS in microgrids.