This review article provides an in-depth examination of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination, inflammation, neuronal loss, and gliosis. The authors discuss the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and current treatment strategies for MS. They highlight the role of T-cells, particularly Th1 cells, in the destruction of myelinated axons and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The review also covers the clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options for MS, including disease-modifying therapies and symptomatic treatments. The authors emphasize the ongoing need for research to develop more effective treatments and improve patient outcomes. The article is based on a narrative review of relevant literature from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate, excluding unique cases and case reports. The review is supported by the Iraqi Medical Research Center and acknowledges the contributions of various authors.This review article provides an in-depth examination of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination, inflammation, neuronal loss, and gliosis. The authors discuss the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and current treatment strategies for MS. They highlight the role of T-cells, particularly Th1 cells, in the destruction of myelinated axons and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The review also covers the clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options for MS, including disease-modifying therapies and symptomatic treatments. The authors emphasize the ongoing need for research to develop more effective treatments and improve patient outcomes. The article is based on a narrative review of relevant literature from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate, excluding unique cases and case reports. The review is supported by the Iraqi Medical Research Center and acknowledges the contributions of various authors.