Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by demyelination, inflammation, neuronal loss, and gliosis. The review discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of MS. MS is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including vitamin D deficiency, birth season, tobacco use, and Epstein-Barr virus exposure. Pathologically, autoreactive T cells, particularly Th1 cells, play a key role in MS progression by attacking myelin and causing inflammation. The disease has four main clinical courses: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and progressive/relapsing MS (PRMS). Diagnosis involves MRI, evoked potentials, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Treatment includes managing acute relapses with corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and disease-modifying therapies such as interferons, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. Symptomatic treatments include medications for spasticity, urinary incontinence, and fatigue. Current research focuses on disease-modifying therapies and symptomatic treatments, with ongoing efforts to develop more effective treatments for MS. The review highlights the importance of understanding MS pathophysiology and the need for further research to improve treatment outcomes.Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by demyelination, inflammation, neuronal loss, and gliosis. The review discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of MS. MS is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including vitamin D deficiency, birth season, tobacco use, and Epstein-Barr virus exposure. Pathologically, autoreactive T cells, particularly Th1 cells, play a key role in MS progression by attacking myelin and causing inflammation. The disease has four main clinical courses: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and progressive/relapsing MS (PRMS). Diagnosis involves MRI, evoked potentials, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Treatment includes managing acute relapses with corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and disease-modifying therapies such as interferons, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. Symptomatic treatments include medications for spasticity, urinary incontinence, and fatigue. Current research focuses on disease-modifying therapies and symptomatic treatments, with ongoing efforts to develop more effective treatments for MS. The review highlights the importance of understanding MS pathophysiology and the need for further research to improve treatment outcomes.