Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) exhibit significant antibacterial activity due to their high surface area and reactivity. They are bio-safe and can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxide ions, which damage bacterial cells. ZnO-NPs can also release Zn²+ ions, which contribute to toxicity. The antibacterial activity is influenced by factors such as particle size, concentration, morphology, and surface modifications. UV illumination enhances the antibacterial effect by increasing ROS production. ZnO-NPs with smaller sizes and higher surface areas show greater antibacterial activity. Surface defects and surface charges also play a role in toxicity. ZnO-NPs have been used in food packaging to inhibit foodborne pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ZnO-NPs vary depending on the bacterial strain. ZnO-NPs show higher efficacy against gram-positive bacteria compared to gram-negative bacteria. ZnO-NPs have been tested against various pathogens, including E. coli, S. aureus, and C. jejuni, with significant growth inhibition observed. ZnO-NPs are considered safe for human use and have potential applications in medicine and food safety. The antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs is influenced by factors such as particle size, concentration, and surface modifications. ZnO-NPs have been shown to be effective against a wide range of bacteria, including foodborne pathogens. The toxicity mechanisms of ZnO-NPs include ROS generation, Zn²+ ion release, and membrane disruption. ZnO-NPs have potential applications in antibacterial coatings, medical devices, and food packaging. The antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs is influenced by factors such as particle size, concentration, and surface modifications. ZnO-NPs have been shown to be effective against a wide range of bacteria, including foodborne pathogens. The toxicity mechanisms of ZnO-NPs include ROS generation, Zn²+ ion release, and membrane disruption. ZnO-NPs have potential applications in antibacterial coatings, medical devices, and food packaging.Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) exhibit significant antibacterial activity due to their high surface area and reactivity. They are bio-safe and can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxide ions, which damage bacterial cells. ZnO-NPs can also release Zn²+ ions, which contribute to toxicity. The antibacterial activity is influenced by factors such as particle size, concentration, morphology, and surface modifications. UV illumination enhances the antibacterial effect by increasing ROS production. ZnO-NPs with smaller sizes and higher surface areas show greater antibacterial activity. Surface defects and surface charges also play a role in toxicity. ZnO-NPs have been used in food packaging to inhibit foodborne pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ZnO-NPs vary depending on the bacterial strain. ZnO-NPs show higher efficacy against gram-positive bacteria compared to gram-negative bacteria. ZnO-NPs have been tested against various pathogens, including E. coli, S. aureus, and C. jejuni, with significant growth inhibition observed. ZnO-NPs are considered safe for human use and have potential applications in medicine and food safety. The antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs is influenced by factors such as particle size, concentration, and surface modifications. ZnO-NPs have been shown to be effective against a wide range of bacteria, including foodborne pathogens. The toxicity mechanisms of ZnO-NPs include ROS generation, Zn²+ ion release, and membrane disruption. ZnO-NPs have potential applications in antibacterial coatings, medical devices, and food packaging. The antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs is influenced by factors such as particle size, concentration, and surface modifications. ZnO-NPs have been shown to be effective against a wide range of bacteria, including foodborne pathogens. The toxicity mechanisms of ZnO-NPs include ROS generation, Zn²+ ion release, and membrane disruption. ZnO-NPs have potential applications in antibacterial coatings, medical devices, and food packaging.