This review discusses the advancements and challenges of immunotherapy, gene therapy, and molecular targeted therapy in cancer treatment. Traditional cancer therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have limitations including systemic toxicity, reduced quality of life, and severe side effects. In response, innovative approaches like immunotherapy, gene therapy, and molecular targeted therapy have emerged to address these issues. Immunotherapy involves harnessing the body's immune system to fight cancer. It includes immunostimulants that enhance immune responses, such as Coley toxin, BCG, and cytokines like interferon-alpha and interleukin-2. These agents have shown promise in treating various cancers, though challenges remain in their clinical application. Cancer vaccination aims to stimulate the immune system against cancer cells by using tumor antigens. Peptide and protein-based vaccines, along with adjuvants, have been developed to enhance immune responses. However, early vaccines had limited effectiveness, and ongoing research focuses on improving their specificity and efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a key component of immunotherapy, targeting specific molecules on cancer cells. Examples include bevacizumab, cetuximab, and trastuzumab, which target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and HER2, respectively. These mAbs have shown significant efficacy in various cancers but can cause severe side effects. Dendritic cell induction is another approach that enhances the immune response by activating T cells. Ex-vivo generation of dendritic cells allows for tailored immune responses, though challenges remain in optimizing their function. Genetic immunization involves using gene therapy to stimulate immune responses against cancer. Strategies include cytokine gene therapy and plasmid-based immunization, which have shown promise in preclinical studies. However, challenges in achieving a balanced immune response and reducing toxicity remain. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a dual role in cancer progression, and reprogramming them from a pro-tumor to an anti-tumor state is an area of active research. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy, which modifies T cells to target cancer cells, has shown significant success in treating certain cancers, though challenges like antigen escape and cytokine release syndrome persist. Gene therapy, including oncolytic viruses and suicide genes, offers new avenues for cancer treatment. These approaches aim to kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth. However, challenges in delivery and toxicity remain. Molecular targeted therapy targets specific molecules involved in cancer progression, such as HER2, PI3K, and PARP. These therapies have shown remarkable success in treating various cancers, though resistance and clonal selection can limit their effectiveness. Overall, while these advanced therapies offer promising solutions, challenges such as drug resistance, toxicity, and the need for personalized approaches remain. The integration of these therapies with traditional methods is crucial for improving cancer treatment outcomes.This review discusses the advancements and challenges of immunotherapy, gene therapy, and molecular targeted therapy in cancer treatment. Traditional cancer therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have limitations including systemic toxicity, reduced quality of life, and severe side effects. In response, innovative approaches like immunotherapy, gene therapy, and molecular targeted therapy have emerged to address these issues. Immunotherapy involves harnessing the body's immune system to fight cancer. It includes immunostimulants that enhance immune responses, such as Coley toxin, BCG, and cytokines like interferon-alpha and interleukin-2. These agents have shown promise in treating various cancers, though challenges remain in their clinical application. Cancer vaccination aims to stimulate the immune system against cancer cells by using tumor antigens. Peptide and protein-based vaccines, along with adjuvants, have been developed to enhance immune responses. However, early vaccines had limited effectiveness, and ongoing research focuses on improving their specificity and efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a key component of immunotherapy, targeting specific molecules on cancer cells. Examples include bevacizumab, cetuximab, and trastuzumab, which target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and HER2, respectively. These mAbs have shown significant efficacy in various cancers but can cause severe side effects. Dendritic cell induction is another approach that enhances the immune response by activating T cells. Ex-vivo generation of dendritic cells allows for tailored immune responses, though challenges remain in optimizing their function. Genetic immunization involves using gene therapy to stimulate immune responses against cancer. Strategies include cytokine gene therapy and plasmid-based immunization, which have shown promise in preclinical studies. However, challenges in achieving a balanced immune response and reducing toxicity remain. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a dual role in cancer progression, and reprogramming them from a pro-tumor to an anti-tumor state is an area of active research. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy, which modifies T cells to target cancer cells, has shown significant success in treating certain cancers, though challenges like antigen escape and cytokine release syndrome persist. Gene therapy, including oncolytic viruses and suicide genes, offers new avenues for cancer treatment. These approaches aim to kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth. However, challenges in delivery and toxicity remain. Molecular targeted therapy targets specific molecules involved in cancer progression, such as HER2, PI3K, and PARP. These therapies have shown remarkable success in treating various cancers, though resistance and clonal selection can limit their effectiveness. Overall, while these advanced therapies offer promising solutions, challenges such as drug resistance, toxicity, and the need for personalized approaches remain. The integration of these therapies with traditional methods is crucial for improving cancer treatment outcomes.