The article reviews the advancements and challenges in cancer treatment strategies, focusing on immunotherapy, gene therapy, and molecular targeted therapy. Despite the progress in traditional anti-cancer therapies, there is a growing need for more precise and targeted approaches to address the limitations of conventional treatments, such as systematic toxicity and severe side effects. Immunotherapy, which aims to stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight cancer cells, has evolved with the discovery of immunostimulants like Coley toxins and subsequent advancements in cytokines and monoclonal antibodies. Gene therapy, which involves introducing foreign genes into cancer cells to stimulate immune responses or kill cancer cells, has shown promise through oncolytic viruses and genetic modifications. Molecular targeted therapy, which targets specific molecules crucial for cancer progression, has led to the approval of various drugs for treating breast, lung, ovarian, leukemia, and colorectal cancers. The article highlights the successes and ongoing challenges in these therapeutic approaches, emphasizing the importance of integrating advanced therapies to improve cancer management and patient outcomes.The article reviews the advancements and challenges in cancer treatment strategies, focusing on immunotherapy, gene therapy, and molecular targeted therapy. Despite the progress in traditional anti-cancer therapies, there is a growing need for more precise and targeted approaches to address the limitations of conventional treatments, such as systematic toxicity and severe side effects. Immunotherapy, which aims to stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight cancer cells, has evolved with the discovery of immunostimulants like Coley toxins and subsequent advancements in cytokines and monoclonal antibodies. Gene therapy, which involves introducing foreign genes into cancer cells to stimulate immune responses or kill cancer cells, has shown promise through oncolytic viruses and genetic modifications. Molecular targeted therapy, which targets specific molecules crucial for cancer progression, has led to the approval of various drugs for treating breast, lung, ovarian, leukemia, and colorectal cancers. The article highlights the successes and ongoing challenges in these therapeutic approaches, emphasizing the importance of integrating advanced therapies to improve cancer management and patient outcomes.