Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint swelling, pain, stiffness, and reduced functionality. It is influenced by genetic, environmental, and gut microbiota factors. Studies show that RA patients have distinct gut microbiota compositions compared to healthy individuals. The gut microbiota plays a key role in immune system development and function, and dysbiosis can lead to immune system dysfunction and increased disease susceptibility. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms that confer health benefits, have been studied for their potential to modulate gut microbiota and immune responses, offering a promising therapy for RA. Research indicates that probiotics can reduce inflammation and improve immune responses in RA patients. For example, strains like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have shown potential in alleviating RA symptoms by modulating gut microbiota and immune responses. Probiotics may also enhance the production of short-chain fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory effects and support gut barrier function. However, challenges remain in the application of probiotics for RA, including the need for standardized strains, understanding of mechanisms, and ensuring safety and efficacy. The review highlights the complex interactions between RA, gut microbiota, and the immune system. It discusses potential mechanisms such as molecular mimicry and shared epitopes that may contribute to RA pathogenesis. Probiotics may help restore gut microbiota balance, reduce inflammation, and modulate immune responses, potentially offering a new therapeutic approach for RA. Despite these promising findings, further research is needed to fully understand the role of probiotics in RA and to develop effective strategies for their application.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint swelling, pain, stiffness, and reduced functionality. It is influenced by genetic, environmental, and gut microbiota factors. Studies show that RA patients have distinct gut microbiota compositions compared to healthy individuals. The gut microbiota plays a key role in immune system development and function, and dysbiosis can lead to immune system dysfunction and increased disease susceptibility. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms that confer health benefits, have been studied for their potential to modulate gut microbiota and immune responses, offering a promising therapy for RA. Research indicates that probiotics can reduce inflammation and improve immune responses in RA patients. For example, strains like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have shown potential in alleviating RA symptoms by modulating gut microbiota and immune responses. Probiotics may also enhance the production of short-chain fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory effects and support gut barrier function. However, challenges remain in the application of probiotics for RA, including the need for standardized strains, understanding of mechanisms, and ensuring safety and efficacy. The review highlights the complex interactions between RA, gut microbiota, and the immune system. It discusses potential mechanisms such as molecular mimicry and shared epitopes that may contribute to RA pathogenesis. Probiotics may help restore gut microbiota balance, reduce inflammation, and modulate immune responses, potentially offering a new therapeutic approach for RA. Despite these promising findings, further research is needed to fully understand the role of probiotics in RA and to develop effective strategies for their application.