Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK) is a key regulator of the cytoskeleton and cell polarity, belonging to the AGC family of kinases. It plays a crucial role in various cellular functions, including cell contraction, motility, morphology, polarity, cell division, and gene expression. Rho-kinase is activated by Rho GTPases and can be inhibited by specific inhibitors such as fasudil and Y-27632. The review covers the structure, function, and modes of activation and inhibition of Rho-kinase, highlighting its involvement in diseases such as vasospasm, pulmonary hypertension, nerve injury, and glaucoma. The review also discusses the roles of Rho-kinase in smooth muscle contraction, stress fiber formation, cell migration, neurite elongation, cytokinesis, and other cellular processes. Additionally, it explores the potential therapeutic applications of Rho-kinase inhibitors in treating neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases.Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK) is a key regulator of the cytoskeleton and cell polarity, belonging to the AGC family of kinases. It plays a crucial role in various cellular functions, including cell contraction, motility, morphology, polarity, cell division, and gene expression. Rho-kinase is activated by Rho GTPases and can be inhibited by specific inhibitors such as fasudil and Y-27632. The review covers the structure, function, and modes of activation and inhibition of Rho-kinase, highlighting its involvement in diseases such as vasospasm, pulmonary hypertension, nerve injury, and glaucoma. The review also discusses the roles of Rho-kinase in smooth muscle contraction, stress fiber formation, cell migration, neurite elongation, cytokinesis, and other cellular processes. Additionally, it explores the potential therapeutic applications of Rho-kinase inhibitors in treating neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases.