The Rho GTPases, a subgroup of the Ras superfamily, are widely expressed across species and play crucial roles in various cellular processes. These proteins cycle between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state, regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). GEFs, such as Dbl and Vav, enhance GDP-to-GTP exchange, while GAPs increase GTP hydrolysis. GDIs inhibit both processes. The Rho GTPases are involved in cytoskeleton organization, membrane trafficking, transcriptional regulation, cell growth control, and development. Key targets of Rho GTPases include ROKα/Rho kinase, MBS (myosin light chain phosphatase), and p140mDia, which mediate actin polymerization and stress fiber formation. Rac and Cdc42 also play important roles in cytoskeleton organization, with potential targets including PAKs, POR1, and IQGAP. In membrane trafficking, Rho GTPases are involved in phagocytosis, endocytosis, and secretion. The precise mechanisms linking these proteins to their functions remain to be fully elucidated, but recent studies have provided valuable insights into their roles in cellular processes.The Rho GTPases, a subgroup of the Ras superfamily, are widely expressed across species and play crucial roles in various cellular processes. These proteins cycle between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state, regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). GEFs, such as Dbl and Vav, enhance GDP-to-GTP exchange, while GAPs increase GTP hydrolysis. GDIs inhibit both processes. The Rho GTPases are involved in cytoskeleton organization, membrane trafficking, transcriptional regulation, cell growth control, and development. Key targets of Rho GTPases include ROKα/Rho kinase, MBS (myosin light chain phosphatase), and p140mDia, which mediate actin polymerization and stress fiber formation. Rac and Cdc42 also play important roles in cytoskeleton organization, with potential targets including PAKs, POR1, and IQGAP. In membrane trafficking, Rho GTPases are involved in phagocytosis, endocytosis, and secretion. The precise mechanisms linking these proteins to their functions remain to be fully elucidated, but recent studies have provided valuable insights into their roles in cellular processes.