This study investigates risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression, and parenting stress. Researchers identified significant predictors for each condition. Antenatal depression was significantly predicted by low self-esteem, antenatal anxiety, low social support, negative cognitive style, major life events, low income, and history of abuse. Postnatal depression was predicted by antenatal depression and a history of depression, with antenatal depression acting as a mediator between risk factors and postnatal depression. Postnatal depression was the only significant predictor of parenting stress and also acted as a mediator for other risk factors. The study found that antenatal depression was the strongest predictor of postnatal depression, which in turn was the strongest predictor of parenting stress. These findings suggest that early identification and treatment of perinatal depression are crucial for preventing and managing parenting stress. The results highlight the interrelated nature of these conditions and the importance of addressing antenatal depression to reduce the risk of postnatal depression and parenting stress. The study also notes that while some risk factors for parenting stress were similar to those for perinatal depression, there is a need for further research to clarify the relationships between these factors. The study's limitations include the underrepresentation of certain groups and the concurrent measurement of risk factors, which may affect the accuracy of the findings. Overall, the study provides important insights into the risk factors for antenatal and postnatal depression and parenting stress, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to improve maternal and child health outcomes.This study investigates risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression, and parenting stress. Researchers identified significant predictors for each condition. Antenatal depression was significantly predicted by low self-esteem, antenatal anxiety, low social support, negative cognitive style, major life events, low income, and history of abuse. Postnatal depression was predicted by antenatal depression and a history of depression, with antenatal depression acting as a mediator between risk factors and postnatal depression. Postnatal depression was the only significant predictor of parenting stress and also acted as a mediator for other risk factors. The study found that antenatal depression was the strongest predictor of postnatal depression, which in turn was the strongest predictor of parenting stress. These findings suggest that early identification and treatment of perinatal depression are crucial for preventing and managing parenting stress. The results highlight the interrelated nature of these conditions and the importance of addressing antenatal depression to reduce the risk of postnatal depression and parenting stress. The study also notes that while some risk factors for parenting stress were similar to those for perinatal depression, there is a need for further research to clarify the relationships between these factors. The study's limitations include the underrepresentation of certain groups and the concurrent measurement of risk factors, which may affect the accuracy of the findings. Overall, the study provides important insights into the risk factors for antenatal and postnatal depression and parenting stress, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to improve maternal and child health outcomes.