Robust Preference for Dynamical Dark Energy in DESI BAO and SN Measurements

Robust Preference for Dynamical Dark Energy in DESI BAO and SN Measurements

23 Jul 2024 | William Giare, Mahdi Najafi, Supriya Pan, Eleonora Di Valentino, Javad T. Firouzjaee
A recent analysis of Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), combined with Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data from Planck and two supernova samples (Pantheon-Plus and DESY5), reveals a preference for a present-day quintessence-like equation of state for dark energy (DE) that crossed into the phantom regime in the past. This result is based on the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder (CPL) parameterization, which describes the evolution of the DE equation of state (EoS) as $ w(a) = w_0 + w_a(1 - a) $. The study tests whether and to what extent this preference depends on the parameterization used to describe the DE's dynamical evolution. Four alternative models with two free parameters—$ w_0 $ and $ w_a $—were considered, including the exponential, Jassal-Bagla-Padmanabhan, logarithmic, and Barboza-Alcaniz parameterizations. The results show that the preference for a quintessence-like EoS with $ w_0 > -1 $ and $ w_a < 0 $ remains robust across all models. The Barboza-Alcaniz parameterization provides the most significant improvement in fit compared to the standard $ \Lambda $ CDM model. The inclusion of DESY5 supernova data strengthens the evidence for dynamical dark energy, with the $ w_0 $ and $ w_a $ parameters consistently indicating a preference for a past transition into the phantom regime. The study concludes that the choice of parameterization has minimal impact on the results, and the data support a robust preference for dynamical dark energy.A recent analysis of Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), combined with Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data from Planck and two supernova samples (Pantheon-Plus and DESY5), reveals a preference for a present-day quintessence-like equation of state for dark energy (DE) that crossed into the phantom regime in the past. This result is based on the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder (CPL) parameterization, which describes the evolution of the DE equation of state (EoS) as $ w(a) = w_0 + w_a(1 - a) $. The study tests whether and to what extent this preference depends on the parameterization used to describe the DE's dynamical evolution. Four alternative models with two free parameters—$ w_0 $ and $ w_a $—were considered, including the exponential, Jassal-Bagla-Padmanabhan, logarithmic, and Barboza-Alcaniz parameterizations. The results show that the preference for a quintessence-like EoS with $ w_0 > -1 $ and $ w_a < 0 $ remains robust across all models. The Barboza-Alcaniz parameterization provides the most significant improvement in fit compared to the standard $ \Lambda $ CDM model. The inclusion of DESY5 supernova data strengthens the evidence for dynamical dark energy, with the $ w_0 $ and $ w_a $ parameters consistently indicating a preference for a past transition into the phantom regime. The study concludes that the choice of parameterization has minimal impact on the results, and the data support a robust preference for dynamical dark energy.
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