2014 | Christiane Ott, Kathleen Jacobs, Elisa Haucke, Anne Navarrete Santos, Tilman Grune, Andreas Simm
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed through non-enzymatic reactions involving reducing sugars and amino groups, leading to cross-linked, non-degradable aggregates. These compounds are implicated in various age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. AGEs can be endogenously formed or ingested, leading to protein modifications and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. The receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is a key player in AGE-mediated signaling, interacting with AGEs and other ligands to trigger pathways such as NF-κB, Jak/Stat, and NADPH oxidase, which contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation. Other AGE receptors, such as AGE-R1, AGE-R3/galectin-3, and scavenger receptors, also play roles in AGE recognition, intracellular processing, and degradation. AGE-RAGE interactions are involved in oxidative and nitrosative stress, promoting a vicious cycle of inflammation and tissue damage. AGEs are cleared via lysosomal pathways, with proteases like cathepsins playing a critical role. AGE-RAGE signaling is also linked to vascular calcification, ossification, and bone metabolism. The regulation of AGE formation and receptor expression is influenced by factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic conditions. Understanding AGE signaling pathways is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies to mitigate age-related diseases.Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed through non-enzymatic reactions involving reducing sugars and amino groups, leading to cross-linked, non-degradable aggregates. These compounds are implicated in various age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. AGEs can be endogenously formed or ingested, leading to protein modifications and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. The receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is a key player in AGE-mediated signaling, interacting with AGEs and other ligands to trigger pathways such as NF-κB, Jak/Stat, and NADPH oxidase, which contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation. Other AGE receptors, such as AGE-R1, AGE-R3/galectin-3, and scavenger receptors, also play roles in AGE recognition, intracellular processing, and degradation. AGE-RAGE interactions are involved in oxidative and nitrosative stress, promoting a vicious cycle of inflammation and tissue damage. AGEs are cleared via lysosomal pathways, with proteases like cathepsins playing a critical role. AGE-RAGE signaling is also linked to vascular calcification, ossification, and bone metabolism. The regulation of AGE formation and receptor expression is influenced by factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic conditions. Understanding AGE signaling pathways is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies to mitigate age-related diseases.