12 February 2024 | Peter Vera-Maldonado, Felipe Aquea, Marjorie Reyes-Díaz, Paz Cárcamo-Fincheira, Braulio Soto-Cerda, Adriano Nunes-Nesi and Claudio Inostroza-Blanchetteau
Boron (B) is an essential microelement for plant growth and development, and its deficiency can impair plant development and function. B is taken up by plants in the form of boric acid (H3BO3) in acidic soils and tetrahydroxy borate ([BOH4]^-) in neutral or alkaline soils. B plays a key role in plant metabolism, including cell wall and plasma membrane synthesis, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and RNA formation. It also interacts with other nutrients such as calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn). This review discusses the mechanisms of B uptake, translocation, and accumulation, as well as its interactions with other elements and how it contributes to plant adaptation to different environmental conditions. It also discusses potential B-mediated networks at the physiological and molecular levels involved in plant growth and development.
B interacts with other mineral elements, influencing several physiological and biochemical processes. In particular, B interactions (synergistic or antagonistic) can affect plant nutrition, but the effects of deficient or excessive B supply on mineral uptake and functions are not well established. The interaction of B with nitrogen (N) is important, as B is related to N assimilation in plants. B and N interactions can affect the absorption and utilization of N and other nutrients, influencing plant growth in terms of height, leaf area, number of pods, and seed yield. B also plays a role in N2 fixation and assimilation in soybean (Glycine max) due to the impaired biosynthesis of early nodulin proteins (ENOD2) and malfunction of the oxygen diffusion barrier when B is scarce.
B interacts with phosphorus (P), which is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and productivity. The interaction of B and P is not yet clear, but borates and phosphates are similar in their action in several physiological and biochemical aspects. B and P interactions can modulate the absorption and distribution of P, as well as the improvement of the photosynthetic rate and growth in B. napus plants. B also interacts with potassium (K), which is an essential macronutrient for plants. B and K interactions can affect the absorption and distribution of K, as well as the improvement of plant growth and yield.
B interacts with calcium (Ca), which is an essential element for plant growth and development. The B x Ca relationship has been observed mainly through the cross-linking of pectin polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. B and Ca interactions can affect the stability of B complexes (B-RG-II), specifically in its ability to bind to carboxyl groups of the polygalacturonic acid regions. B and Ca interactions can also affect the nutritional status of the other, and even of other elements.
B interacts with zinc (Zn), which is an important element for normal plant function. B and Zn interactions canBoron (B) is an essential microelement for plant growth and development, and its deficiency can impair plant development and function. B is taken up by plants in the form of boric acid (H3BO3) in acidic soils and tetrahydroxy borate ([BOH4]^-) in neutral or alkaline soils. B plays a key role in plant metabolism, including cell wall and plasma membrane synthesis, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and RNA formation. It also interacts with other nutrients such as calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn). This review discusses the mechanisms of B uptake, translocation, and accumulation, as well as its interactions with other elements and how it contributes to plant adaptation to different environmental conditions. It also discusses potential B-mediated networks at the physiological and molecular levels involved in plant growth and development.
B interacts with other mineral elements, influencing several physiological and biochemical processes. In particular, B interactions (synergistic or antagonistic) can affect plant nutrition, but the effects of deficient or excessive B supply on mineral uptake and functions are not well established. The interaction of B with nitrogen (N) is important, as B is related to N assimilation in plants. B and N interactions can affect the absorption and utilization of N and other nutrients, influencing plant growth in terms of height, leaf area, number of pods, and seed yield. B also plays a role in N2 fixation and assimilation in soybean (Glycine max) due to the impaired biosynthesis of early nodulin proteins (ENOD2) and malfunction of the oxygen diffusion barrier when B is scarce.
B interacts with phosphorus (P), which is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and productivity. The interaction of B and P is not yet clear, but borates and phosphates are similar in their action in several physiological and biochemical aspects. B and P interactions can modulate the absorption and distribution of P, as well as the improvement of the photosynthetic rate and growth in B. napus plants. B also interacts with potassium (K), which is an essential macronutrient for plants. B and K interactions can affect the absorption and distribution of K, as well as the improvement of plant growth and yield.
B interacts with calcium (Ca), which is an essential element for plant growth and development. The B x Ca relationship has been observed mainly through the cross-linking of pectin polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. B and Ca interactions can affect the stability of B complexes (B-RG-II), specifically in its ability to bind to carboxyl groups of the polygalacturonic acid regions. B and Ca interactions can also affect the nutritional status of the other, and even of other elements.
B interacts with zinc (Zn), which is an important element for normal plant function. B and Zn interactions can