The article reviews the role of breastfeeding in disease prevention, highlighting its benefits for both infants and mothers. Human milk contains bioactive factors such as immunomodulators, antimicrobials, and prebiotics, which modulate the infant's microbiome and immune system, leading to reduced infection risk, improved neurodevelopment, and lower rates of obesity, type 1 diabetes, and childhood leukemia. For mothers, breastfeeding reduces postpartum bleeding, depression, and weight retention, and lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. The societal impact of breastfeeding is also discussed, including economic costs saved due to reduced morbidity and mortality. The article emphasizes the need for interventions to promote breastfeeding and suggests that personalized supplementation of human milk bioactive components may be beneficial for infants who cannot breastfeed. Future research should focus on understanding the mechanisms behind breastfeeding's positive effects and developing precision therapies.The article reviews the role of breastfeeding in disease prevention, highlighting its benefits for both infants and mothers. Human milk contains bioactive factors such as immunomodulators, antimicrobials, and prebiotics, which modulate the infant's microbiome and immune system, leading to reduced infection risk, improved neurodevelopment, and lower rates of obesity, type 1 diabetes, and childhood leukemia. For mothers, breastfeeding reduces postpartum bleeding, depression, and weight retention, and lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. The societal impact of breastfeeding is also discussed, including economic costs saved due to reduced morbidity and mortality. The article emphasizes the need for interventions to promote breastfeeding and suggests that personalized supplementation of human milk bioactive components may be beneficial for infants who cannot breastfeed. Future research should focus on understanding the mechanisms behind breastfeeding's positive effects and developing precision therapies.