Nrf2 is a key regulator of cellular resistance to oxidative stress and toxicity. It controls the expression of antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent genes, which help maintain redox homeostasis and protect against oxidative damage. Nrf2 is regulated by the Keap1 protein, which normally suppresses Nrf2 under basal conditions through ubiquitination. Oxidants and electrophiles modify Keap1, leading to Nrf2 activation and the induction of antioxidant genes. Nrf2 plays a critical role in detoxifying xenobiotics, maintaining redox balance, and protecting against oxidative stress. It is involved in various physiological processes, including autophagy, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. Nrf2 also influences stem cell function and is essential for protecting against chemically induced liver toxicity, such as acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. In cancer, Nrf2 can promote tumor survival and resistance to therapy, but it also plays a protective role against carcinogens. Nrf2 is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress-related diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Overall, Nrf2 is a central player in maintaining cellular homeostasis and protecting against oxidative stress and toxicity.Nrf2 is a key regulator of cellular resistance to oxidative stress and toxicity. It controls the expression of antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent genes, which help maintain redox homeostasis and protect against oxidative damage. Nrf2 is regulated by the Keap1 protein, which normally suppresses Nrf2 under basal conditions through ubiquitination. Oxidants and electrophiles modify Keap1, leading to Nrf2 activation and the induction of antioxidant genes. Nrf2 plays a critical role in detoxifying xenobiotics, maintaining redox balance, and protecting against oxidative stress. It is involved in various physiological processes, including autophagy, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. Nrf2 also influences stem cell function and is essential for protecting against chemically induced liver toxicity, such as acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. In cancer, Nrf2 can promote tumor survival and resistance to therapy, but it also plays a protective role against carcinogens. Nrf2 is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress-related diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Overall, Nrf2 is a central player in maintaining cellular homeostasis and protecting against oxidative stress and toxicity.