The article discusses the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in tumor progression and invasion. TAM are a major component of the stromal inflammatory environment in many tumors, expressing M2-associated protumoral functions such as angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, and suppression of adaptive immunity. Clinical studies have shown a correlation between high TAM content in tumors and poor patient prognosis, and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of certain cancers. The authors highlight that TAM represent a unique and distinct M2-skewed myeloid population and are potential targets for anti-cancer therapy. They also review the functional programs of TAM, particularly the roles of NF-κB and HIF-1 in tumor progression and metastasis. NF-κB is identified as a key regulator of TAM transcriptional programs, contributing to tumor growth and metastasis.The article discusses the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in tumor progression and invasion. TAM are a major component of the stromal inflammatory environment in many tumors, expressing M2-associated protumoral functions such as angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, and suppression of adaptive immunity. Clinical studies have shown a correlation between high TAM content in tumors and poor patient prognosis, and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of certain cancers. The authors highlight that TAM represent a unique and distinct M2-skewed myeloid population and are potential targets for anti-cancer therapy. They also review the functional programs of TAM, particularly the roles of NF-κB and HIF-1 in tumor progression and metastasis. NF-κB is identified as a key regulator of TAM transcriptional programs, contributing to tumor growth and metastasis.