The article discusses the root traits that contribute to plant productivity under drought conditions. It highlights the importance of understanding root functional traits and their relationship to whole-plant strategies for improving crop yield in different drought environments. Key root traits associated with maintaining productivity under drought include small fine root diameters, long specific root length, and considerable root length density, especially at depths with available water. Small xylem diameters in targeted seminal roots can save soil water for later in the growing season, improving yields. Deep root growth and large xylem diameters can enhance water acquisition when ample water is available at depth. Xylem pit anatomy that reduces leakage and cavitation risk is another area of interest. Rapid root growth following rewetting can improve productivity under episodic drought. Genetic control of these traits through breeding is feasible, but the complexity of root systems requires careful phenotyping methods. The article also reviews recent advances in phenotyping and genetic studies of root traits in crops like lesquerella (Physaria) and rice (Oryza), providing insights into the genetic basis of these traits.The article discusses the root traits that contribute to plant productivity under drought conditions. It highlights the importance of understanding root functional traits and their relationship to whole-plant strategies for improving crop yield in different drought environments. Key root traits associated with maintaining productivity under drought include small fine root diameters, long specific root length, and considerable root length density, especially at depths with available water. Small xylem diameters in targeted seminal roots can save soil water for later in the growing season, improving yields. Deep root growth and large xylem diameters can enhance water acquisition when ample water is available at depth. Xylem pit anatomy that reduces leakage and cavitation risk is another area of interest. Rapid root growth following rewetting can improve productivity under episodic drought. Genetic control of these traits through breeding is feasible, but the complexity of root systems requires careful phenotyping methods. The article also reviews recent advances in phenotyping and genetic studies of root traits in crops like lesquerella (Physaria) and rice (Oryza), providing insights into the genetic basis of these traits.