The article discusses the need for responsible nanotechnology development, emphasizing the importance of addressing potential health and environmental risks associated with engineered nanomaterials. It highlights the challenges in understanding and managing these risks, noting that while nanotechnology is advancing rapidly with over 300 products on the market, concerns about its safety remain. The authors propose five grand challenges to stimulate research that is imaginative, innovative, and relevant to nanotechnology safety. These challenges include developing instruments to assess exposure to nanomaterials in air and water, creating methods to evaluate nanomaterial toxicity, developing models to predict environmental and health impacts, and establishing robust systems for evaluating the health and environmental impact of nanomaterials throughout their life cycle. The article also emphasizes the need for collaboration, communication, and coordination among stakeholders to ensure that nanotechnology is developed safely and responsibly. The authors argue that without strategic risk research, public confidence in nanotechnology could be reduced, and the industry could face legal and economic challenges. They call for a global approach to nanotechnology risk research, drawing on existing research infrastructure and technological advancements to ensure the safe development of nanotechnology.The article discusses the need for responsible nanotechnology development, emphasizing the importance of addressing potential health and environmental risks associated with engineered nanomaterials. It highlights the challenges in understanding and managing these risks, noting that while nanotechnology is advancing rapidly with over 300 products on the market, concerns about its safety remain. The authors propose five grand challenges to stimulate research that is imaginative, innovative, and relevant to nanotechnology safety. These challenges include developing instruments to assess exposure to nanomaterials in air and water, creating methods to evaluate nanomaterial toxicity, developing models to predict environmental and health impacts, and establishing robust systems for evaluating the health and environmental impact of nanomaterials throughout their life cycle. The article also emphasizes the need for collaboration, communication, and coordination among stakeholders to ensure that nanotechnology is developed safely and responsibly. The authors argue that without strategic risk research, public confidence in nanotechnology could be reduced, and the industry could face legal and economic challenges. They call for a global approach to nanotechnology risk research, drawing on existing research infrastructure and technological advancements to ensure the safe development of nanotechnology.