The article discusses the safe handling of nanotechnology, emphasizing the need for responsible and systematic risk research to ensure the benefits of nanotechnology are realized while minimizing potential health and environmental risks. The authors, including Andrew D. Maynard, propose five grand challenges to stimulate innovative and relevant research over the next 15 years. These challenges include developing instruments to assess exposure to engineered nanomaterials in air and water, validating methods to evaluate toxicity, creating models to predict environmental and health impacts, establishing robust systems for evaluating the life cycle impacts, and developing strategic programs for risk-focused research. The article highlights the importance of collaboration, communication, and coordination among government, industry, academia, and other stakeholders to address these challenges effectively.The article discusses the safe handling of nanotechnology, emphasizing the need for responsible and systematic risk research to ensure the benefits of nanotechnology are realized while minimizing potential health and environmental risks. The authors, including Andrew D. Maynard, propose five grand challenges to stimulate innovative and relevant research over the next 15 years. These challenges include developing instruments to assess exposure to engineered nanomaterials in air and water, validating methods to evaluate toxicity, creating models to predict environmental and health impacts, establishing robust systems for evaluating the life cycle impacts, and developing strategic programs for risk-focused research. The article highlights the importance of collaboration, communication, and coordination among government, industry, academia, and other stakeholders to address these challenges effectively.