Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil producer, has shifted its economic focus from oil to knowledge-based industries under a national science strategy. Significant investments have led to the establishment of high-tech universities and advanced research laboratories. The Nature Index 2016 supplement highlights that Saudi Arabia's scientific output is rapidly increasing, surpassing other Arab states and ranking second in Western Asia. This growth is attributed to collaborations with 89 countries, primarily with the United States and China. Key institutions like KAUST and KAU are driving these collaborations through different approaches. The Saudi government is also fostering domestic talent by offering scholarships for postgraduate studies abroad. With a strong focus on chemistry research, Saudi Arabia aims to achieve higher rankings in the global scientific community.Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil producer, has shifted its economic focus from oil to knowledge-based industries under a national science strategy. Significant investments have led to the establishment of high-tech universities and advanced research laboratories. The Nature Index 2016 supplement highlights that Saudi Arabia's scientific output is rapidly increasing, surpassing other Arab states and ranking second in Western Asia. This growth is attributed to collaborations with 89 countries, primarily with the United States and China. Key institutions like KAUST and KAU are driving these collaborations through different approaches. The Saudi government is also fostering domestic talent by offering scholarships for postgraduate studies abroad. With a strong focus on chemistry research, Saudi Arabia aims to achieve higher rankings in the global scientific community.